Grade 8 College Vocabulary, Week 9

Definition: made or shaped by skilled work; (also) brought about or caused.

From the reading: "He wrought also a vineyard, golden and fair to see, and the vines were loaded with grapes."

KJV: "And every wise hearted man among them that wrought the work of the tabernacle made ten curtains of fine twined linen" (Exodus 36:8).

Synonyms:

fashioned, crafted, forged

Antonyms:

unmade, undone, destroyed

Root:Old English worht, past participle of wyrcan, "to work." "Wrought iron" and "overwrought" still keep the old form.

Definition: richly sweet and pleasing to taste or smell; (by extension) rich and delightful to the senses.

From the reading: "Youths and maidens all blithe and full of glee, carried the luscious fruit in plaited baskets"

Synonyms:

succulent, delectable, savory

Antonyms:

bland, tasteless, unappetizing

Root:Middle English lucius, probably a shortening of delicious (Latin deliciae, "delight").

Definition: The grape harvest of one season; the year or time something was made; as an adjective, old and of fine, lasting quality.

From the reading: "...there was only one path to it, and by this the vintagers went when they would gather the vintage."

KJV: "And your threshing shall reach unto the vintage, and the vintage shall reach unto the sowing time" (Leviticus 26:5).

Synonyms:

harvest, crop; (adjective) classic, enduring

Antonyms:

(adjective) modern, newfangled, passing

Root:Anglo-French vendange, from Latin vindemia, "grape-gathering" (vinum "wine" + demere "to take off").

Definition: A row of grain or grass cut down by one sweep of a scythe; a broad strip or wide area of something (the common test sense: "a wide swath of the country").

From the reading: "Swathe after swathe fell to the ground in a straight line behind them"

Synonyms:

strip, band, stretch, sweep

Antonyms:

(no exact antonym) speck, sliver, point

Root:Old English swæth, "track, trace": the track a mower leaves behind him.

Definition: giving off light; shining; (also) very clear and easy to understand ("a luminous explanation").

From the reading: "...see how exceedingly luminous it becomes."

KJV link: "Neither do men light a candle, and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick; and it giveth light unto all that are in the house" (Matthew 5:15). A candle is made to be luminous, not hidden.

Synonyms:

radiant, shining, glowing; (second sense) lucid, clear

Antonyms:

dark, dim, murky

Root:Latin luminosus, from lumen, "light."

Definition: Glowing white or bright because of great heat; (figurative) brilliant, intensely bright or passionate.

From the reading: "Is it not beautiful to think that such a process is going on, and that such a dirty thing as charcoal can become so incandescent?"

Synonyms:

glowing, white-hot, blazing; (figurative) brilliant, ardent

Antonyms:

dark, cold, dull

Root:Latin incandescere, "to begin to glow," from in- + candere, "to shine, be white." Candle comes from the same root.

Definition: a soft shine or glow on a surface; (figurative) glory or distinction ("the scandal dimmed the luster of his name").

From the reading: "You have the glittering beauty of gold and silver, and the still higher lustre of jewels, like the ruby and diamond"

Synonyms:

sheen, gleam, radiance; (figurative) glory, prestige

Antonyms:

dullness, tarnish; (figurative) disgrace

Root:Italian lustro, from Latin lustrare, "to light up, make bright."

Definition: Not letting light pass through; hard to understand; unclear.

From the reading: "...you will presently see that the tube will become quite opaque."

Synonyms:

cloudy, murky; (second sense) obscure, unclear, impenetrable

Antonyms:

transparent, clear; (second sense) lucid, plain

Root:Latin opacus, "shaded, dark."

Definition: A fact or event that can be observed, especially one studied by science; a remarkable person or thing.

From the reading: "...no more open door by which you can enter into the study of natural philosophy, than by considering the physical phenomena of a candle."

Synonyms:

occurrence, event, happening; (second sense) marvel, wonder

Antonyms:

(no exact antonym) the ordinary, the commonplace

Root:Greek phainomenon, "a thing that appears," from phainein, "to show, bring to light."

Definition: To change from a gas or vapor into a liquid; to make something shorter or more compact.

From the reading: "...a gas remains permanent, a vapour is something that will condense."

Synonyms:

liquefy; (second sense) shorten, compress, abridge

Antonyms:

evaporate, vaporize; (second sense) expand, lengthen

Root:Latin condensare, from con- (together) + densus, "thick."

Definition: extremely beautiful and delicate; (also) very finely made, or very keen ("exquisite care").

From the reading: "...the Etruscan lamp, exquisite in form, yet ill adapted to its office"

Synonyms:

beautiful, delicate, refined, elegant

Antonyms:

crude, coarse, clumsy

Root:Latin exquisitus, "carefully sought out," from ex- + quaerere, "to seek."

Definition: young, or suited to young people; (also, negative) childish and immature.

From the reading: "I claim the privilege of speaking to juveniles as a juvenile myself."

Synonyms:

youthful, young; (negative sense) childish, puerile

Antonyms:

adult, mature, grown-up

Root:Latin juvenilis, from juvenis, "young."

Definition: (adjective) clear to the eye or mind; obvious. (verb) to show or make plain.

From the reading: "...and so to have made manifest, through my mouth and my statement, the principles of a new process in metallurgy"

KJV: "Is a candle brought to be put under a bushel, or under a bed? and not to be set on a candlestick? For there is nothing hid, which shall not be manifested" (Mark 4:21–22).

Synonyms:

evident, plain, obvious; (verb) display, reveal

Antonyms:

hidden, obscure, concealed

Root:Latin manifestus, "plain, evident," often explained as manus (hand) + -festus (seized): caught in the hand.

Definition: producing the result that was intended; successful in its purpose.

From the reading: "...making your deeds honourable and effectual in the discharge of your duty to your fellow-men."

KJV: "The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much" (James 5:16).

Synonyms:

effective, successful, potent

Antonyms:

ineffectual, useless, futile

Root:Medieval Latin effectualis, from effectus, "accomplished," from efficere (ex- + facere, "to make, do").

Definition: To carry out or fulfill a duty (the test sense here); to release or let go; to send out or give off.

From the reading: "...honourable and effectual in the discharge of your duty to your fellow-men."

Synonyms:

(sense 1) fulfill, perform, carry out; (sense 2) release, dismiss

Antonyms:

(sense 1) neglect, shirk; (sense 2) hold, retain

Root:Old French descharger, "to unload," from des- (away) + charger, "to load": to lay down a burden by finishing it.

Definition: to show that something is right or reasonable; to prove worthy.

From the reading: "...that, in all your actions, you may justify the beauty of the taper by making your deeds honourable"

Context: Faraday ends his lectures by hoping his young hearers will live so that they are worthy of comparison with a candle that gives its light to others.

Synonyms:

vindicate, warrant, defend

Antonyms:

condemn, discredit, undermine

Root:Latin justificare, "to do justice to," from justus (just) + facere (to make).

Definition: the quality of being clear and easy to understand; in description, plain, exact words in a clear order.

From the reading: "Hermogenes added that its two virtues are clarity and vividness."

Synonyms:

clearness, lucidity, precision

Antonyms:

obscurity, vagueness, confusion

Root:Latin claritas, from clarus, "clear, bright."

Definition: to represent in a picture or describe in words.

Context: Homer depicts the reapers, the binders and the boys in the same order in which the grain moves across the field.

Synonyms:

portray, represent, describe

Antonyms:

distort, misrepresent, conceal

Root:Latin depingere, past participle depictus, "to paint, portray."

Definition: to call up a feeling, memory or picture in the mind.

Context: The boy's lyre and his clear voice evoke the sounds of a happy harvest even though the shield is only metal.

Synonyms:

summon, call up, elicit

Antonyms:

suppress, stifle, quell

Root:Latin evocare, "to call out," from e- (out) + vocare (to call).

Definition: To light up; to make clear or explain; to decorate a manuscript with gold and colors.

From the reading: "The means adopted by man to illuminate his home at night, stamp at once his position in the scale of civilisation."

KJV: "But call to remembrance the former days, in which, after ye were illuminated, ye endured a great fight of afflictions" (Hebrews 10:32). Here illuminated means enlightened by the gospel.

Synonyms:

light up, brighten; (second sense) clarify, elucidate

Antonyms:

darken, obscure; (second sense) confuse

Root:Latin illuminare, from in- + lumen, "light."