Grade 8 College Vocabulary, Week 29

Definition: Following the accepted or traditional beliefs, especially in religion; sound in doctrine.

From the reading: "With the King of Scotland to give you away and the Bishop of Glasgow to marry you, none can venture to hint that there is anything that is not in the highest degree orthodox in your marriage." (In Freedom's Cause)

Synonyms:

traditional, conventional, sound

Antonyms:

unorthodox, heterodox

Root:Latin orthodoxus, Greek orthodoxe. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: To give up a right or claim voluntarily.

From the reading: "Bedford had lost heart and decided to waive resistance and go an concentrate his strength in the best and loyalest province remaining to him--Normandy." (Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc)

Synonyms:

relinquish, forgo, renounce

Antonyms:

claim, insist on

Root:. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Bordering on or living or characteristic of those near the sea; relating to or involving ships or shipping or navigation or seamen.

From the reading: "My wife did not feel much regret on this account, as she dreaded maritime expeditions, though she agreed she might have felt less uneasiness if we had had a vessel of this description." (The Swiss Family Robinson)

Synonyms:

nautical, marine, naval

Antonyms:

inland

Root:Latin maritimus, from mare the sea: compare French maritime. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: The following of one thing after another in order; the right or order by which one person follows another in office or inheritance.

From the reading: "When they had done so, he placed the faggot into the hands of each of them in succession, and ordered them to break it in pieces." (Aesop, The Father and His Sons, in the lesson)

KJV link: "One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever." (Ecclesiastes 1:4)

Synonyms:

sequence, series, order

Antonyms:

interruption, break

Root:Latin successio, from succedere, "to come after, go beneath" (sub- + cedere "to go").

Definition: Contrary to your interests or welfare; in an opposing direction.

From the reading: "Nay, some undertake suits, with a full purpose to let them fall; to the end to gratify the adverse party, or competitor." (Essays)

Synonyms:

unfavorable, harmful, hostile

Antonyms:

favorable, beneficial

Root:Old English advers, Old French avers, advers, from Latin adversus, past participle advertere to turn to. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Skilled in dealing with people without giving offense; relating to the conduct of relations between nations.

From the reading: ""If you were a young prince or a young man training for a diplomatic career, you would be taught to notice and remember people and things as you would be taught to speak your own language with elegance." (The Lost Prince)

Synonyms:

tactful, politic, discreet

Antonyms:

tactless, blunt, undiplomatic

Root:Greek diploma, "a folded paper, official document," from diploos, "double": the business of envoys who carried such papers.

Definition: To hold or express opinions at odds with those commonly or officially held.

From the reading: "“Father,” said Flambeau suddenly, “do you think it was all a dream?” The priest shook his head, whether in dissent or agnosticism, but remained mute." (The Innocence of Father Brown)

Synonyms:

protest, resist, disagree

Antonyms:

assent, agree

Root:Latin dissentire, dissentum; dis- + sentire to feel, think. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Of, at, or toward the side.

From the reading: "There are small lateral columns of water outside which receive the force, and which transmit and multiply it in the manner which is familiar to you." (The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, selected)

Synonyms:

sideways, side, flanking

Antonyms:

top, bottom, mesial

Root:Latin lateralis, from latus, lateris, side: compare Frenchlatéral. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: An official order or commission to do something.

From the reading: "In this work each and every detail, to the most minute, had been arranged and fixed, and from that time judicial combats had been regulated in accordance with its mandates." (Men of Iron)

Synonyms:

command, order, commission

Antonyms:

(none exact)

Root:Latin mandatum, a thing commanded, from mandare, to put in one's hand (manus, hand + dare, to give): an official order.

Definition: Showing deep respect mixed with awe.

From the reading: "Lazarus had never before been quite so reverential and ceremonious." (The Lost Prince)

KJV link: "Wherefore we receiving a kingdom which cannot be moved, let us have grace, whereby we may serve God acceptably with reverence and godly fear." (Hebrews 12:28)

Synonyms:

respectful, awed, worshipful

Antonyms:

irreverent, disrespectful, flippant

Root:Latin revereri, "to stand in awe of," from re- + vereri, "to fear."

Definition: Fond of talking; inclined to talk a great deal.

From the reading: "He was specially talkative when he stood by the tablet that marks the spot where stood the block on which Lady Jane Grey had laid her young head." (The Lost Prince)

KJV link: "In the multitude of words there wanteth not sin: but he that refraineth his lips is wise." (Proverbs 10:19)

Synonyms:

loquacious, garrulous, chatty

Antonyms:

taciturn, reticent, silent

Root:English talk + -ative, on the pattern of Latin adjectives in -ativus.

Definition: Stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for doubt.

From the reading: "Utterson, sir, I’m afraid.” “Now, my good man,” said the lawyer, “be explicit." (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)

Synonyms:

clear, plain, definite

Antonyms:

implicit, vague

Root:Late Latin, an abbreviation of explicitus (est liber) the book (which anciently was a roll of parchment) is unfolded (and, of course, "finished"). (Webster, 1913)

Definition: A person who is present at an event but takes no part in it; an onlooker.

From the reading: "Then certain words were to be uttered, but always without attracting the attention of any bystander or passer-by." (The Lost Prince)

Synonyms:

onlooker, spectator, witness

Antonyms:

participant, actor

Root:English by (near) + stander: one standing nearby.

Definition: Lasting only a moment; brief and passing.

From the reading: "An expression of sharp momentary anguish crossed her face." (The Lost Prince)

KJV link: "For our light affliction, which is but for a moment, worketh for us a far more exceeding and eternal weight of glory." (2 Corinthians 4:17)

Synonyms:

fleeting, brief, transitory

Antonyms:

lasting, permanent, enduring

Root:Latin momentum, "movement, an instant," from movere, "to move."

Definition: Exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed.

From the reading: "“You are not very vulnerable from above,” Holmes remarked as he held up the lantern and gazed about him." (The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, selected)

Synonyms:

defenseless, exposed, susceptible

Antonyms:

invulnerable, protected

Root:Latin vulnerabilis wounding, injurious, from vulnerare to wound, vulnus a wound; akin to Skr. vra: compare French vulnérable. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: To declare one's public approval or support of.

From the reading: "There he opened his safe, took from the most private part of it a document endorsed on the envelope as Dr." (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)

Synonyms:

approve, support, back

Antonyms:

oppose, reject

Root:Medieval Latin indorsare, to write on the back, from in-, on + dorsum, back: to sign on the back; to approve.

Definition: Marked by formal ceremony; very formal and careful in manners, sometimes too much so.

From the reading: "The ceremonious respectfulness of his manner toward Marco increased also." (The Lost Prince)

Synonyms:

formal, solemn, punctilious

Antonyms:

casual, informal, offhand

Root:Latin caerimonia, "sacred rite, reverence."

Definition: Relating to a monarchy, a state ruled by a king or queen.

From the reading: "If the elective system were adopted in Europe, the condition of most of the monarchical States would be changed at every new election." (Democracy in America)

Synonyms:

royal, kingly, regal

Antonyms:

republican, democratic

Root:Greek monarchia, "rule by one," from monos "alone" + archein "to rule."

Definition: To abandon a harsh intention; to become less severe.

From the reading: "Yet more succeed, and more to death are sent; We cease not from above, nor they below relent." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

yield, soften, give way

Antonyms:

persist, harden

Root:Latin re- + lentus, flexible, slow.

Definition: Not able to be defeated or overcome.

From the reading: "He had told him stories of the wrongs done its people, of their sufferings and struggles for liberty, and, above all, of their unconquerable courage." (The Lost Prince)

KJV link: "Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him that loved us." (Romans 8:37)

Synonyms:

invincible, indomitable, unbeatable

Antonyms:

vulnerable, weak, conquerable

Root:English un- + Latin conquirere, "to seek out, procure" (later "to win by force"), + -able.