Glossary · word list
English terms: Languages
617 words and terms, A–Z, from School Launch lessons. Each links to the lesson where it is taught.
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ἐν ἀρχῇEnglish
Sight phrase: 'in the beginning.' The Septuagint's Genesis 1:1 opens with it, and John reaches back and takes it up on purpose.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
Sight phrase: 'in the beginning.' The Septuagint's Genesis 1:1 opens with it, and John reaches back and takes it up on purpose.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
ἡ ἀρετήEnglish
Virtue, excellence: the quality Socrates kept asking Athens to define. One of the great Greek words; the New Testament uses it too.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
Virtue, excellence: the quality Socrates kept asking Athens to define. One of the great Greek words; the New Testament uses it too.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
γνῶθι σεαυτόνEnglish
Know thyself: the maxim carved at Delphi, read whole as a sight line. Socrates made it his life's assignment.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
Know thyself: the maxim carved at Delphi, read whole as a sight line. Socrates made it his life's assignment.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
ἡ ψυχήEnglish
The soul, the life within. Socrates argued it outlasts the body; Scripture tells it who made it and who can keep it.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
The soul, the life within. Socrates argued it outlasts the body; Scripture tells it who made it and who can keep it.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
ὁ ποιμήνEnglish
The shepherd, a sight word this year (nominative only). Its verb, ποιμαίνει, means he shepherds: he leads, feeds and guards the flock.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
The shepherd, a sight word this year (nominative only). Its verb, ποιμαίνει, means he shepherds: he leads, feeds and guards the flock.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
ἡ ῥάβδοςEnglish
The rod or staff, a sight word: the shepherd's stick for guiding and defending. A feminine -ος noun, like ἡ ὁδός. Psalm 23:4: thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
The rod or staff, a sight word: the shepherd's stick for guiding and defending. A feminine -ος noun, like ἡ ὁδός. Psalm 23:4: thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
ἡ οἰκουμένηEnglish
A sight word: the inhabited world, the whole settled earth. Built on οἶκος, house, from your grade 5 deck; English keeps it in ecumenical.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
A sight word: the inhabited world, the whole settled earth. Built on οἶκος, house, from your grade 5 deck; English keeps it in ecumenical.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
ὁ οὐρανόςEnglish
The heaven, the sky. English keeps it in Uranus; the Septuagint puts it third-from-last in the Bible's first verse.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
The heaven, the sky. English keeps it in Uranus; the Septuagint puts it third-from-last in the Bible's first verse.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
ἡ ἀγάπηEnglish
Love that acts: deliberate, self-giving love, the love of 1 Corinthians 13. Declines exactly like φωνή: ἀγάπη, ἀγάπης, ἀγάπῃ, ἀγάπην.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
Love that acts: deliberate, self-giving love, the love of 1 Corinthians 13. Declines exactly like φωνή: ἀγάπη, ἀγάπης, ἀγάπῃ, ἀγάπην.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
ὁ ἐχθρόςEnglish
The enemy: the person ἀγάπη is hardest to aim at, and is aimed at anyway. Declines like λόγος.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
The enemy: the person ἀγάπη is hardest to aim at, and is aimed at anyway. Declines like λόγος.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
ἡ μῆνιςEnglish
A sight word: wrath, the deep smoldering kind. The Iliad's first word is its accusative, μῆνιν, and that placement is the whole doorway of the poem.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
A sight word: wrath, the deep smoldering kind. The Iliad's first word is its accusative, μῆνιν, and that placement is the whole doorway of the poem.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
ἡ στοάEnglish
A sight word: the porch, the colonnaded walkway of a Greek city. The philosophers who taught in Athens' painted stoa were nicknamed Stoics, porch-men.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
A sight word: the porch, the colonnaded walkway of a Greek city. The philosophers who taught in Athens' painted stoa were nicknamed Stoics, porch-men.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
τὸ μάρμαρονEnglish
A sight word: marble, the shining stone of Athens' quarries. English kept the word nearly whole.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
A sight word: marble, the shining stone of Athens' quarries. English kept the word nearly whole.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
ἡ πηγήEnglish
The spring, the source, the fountain: the unit's idea wearing a Greek noun. Declines like φωνή: πηγή, πηγῆς, πηγῇ, πηγήν.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
The spring, the source, the fountain: the unit's idea wearing a Greek noun. Declines like φωνή: πηγή, πηγῆς, πηγῇ, πηγήν.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
ἡ ἐκκλησίαEnglish
The assembly, the church: the called-together people. Declines like καρδία; English keeps it in ecclesiastical.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
The assembly, the church: the called-together people. Declines like καρδία; English keeps it in ecclesiastical.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
τὸ ἀντίγραφονEnglish
A sight word: the copy, a manuscript copied from another. Every surviving ancient book is an ἀντίγραφον of an ἀντίγραφον.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
A sight word: the copy, a manuscript copied from another. Every surviving ancient book is an ἀντίγραφον of an ἀντίγραφον.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
γράμμα, γράμματαEnglish
Letter, letters, of the alphabet kind: a sight word built on γράφω. Neuter, and its plural springs the famous rule: τὰ γράμματα μικρά ἐστιν, a plural subject with a singular verb.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
Letter, letters, of the alphabet kind: a sight word built on γράφω. Neuter, and its plural springs the famous rule: τὰ γράμματα μικρά ἐστιν, a plural subject with a singular verb.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
ὁ λόγοςEnglish
The word: speech, reason, the account of a thing. John makes it a title of Christ, the Word, God's own speech in Person. It declines on the chart that bears its name.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
The word: speech, reason, the account of a thing. John makes it a title of Christ, the Word, God's own speech in Person. It declines on the chart that bears its name.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
ἡ ζωήEnglish
Life. Declines like φωνή: ζωή, ζωῆς, ζωῇ, ζωήν. The root of zoology, and one of John's favorite words from the first chapter to the last.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
Life. Declines like φωνή: ζωή, ζωῆς, ζωῇ, ζωήν. The root of zoology, and one of John's favorite words from the first chapter to the last.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
ἡ σκοτίαEnglish
Darkness. Declines like καρδία: σκοτία, σκοτίας, σκοτίᾳ, σκοτίαν. In John 1:5 it sits in the dative after ἐν: ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ, in the darkness.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
Darkness. Declines like καρδία: σκοτία, σκοτίας, σκοτίᾳ, σκοτίαν. In John 1:5 it sits in the dative after ἐν: ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ, in the darkness.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
ἐγένετο, κατέλαβενEnglish
Glossed whole, never parsed: ἐγένετο, came to be (John 1:3); κατέλαβεν, overcame, comprehended, laid hold of (John 1:5). Their full grammar belongs to a later course; their meaning belongs to you now.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
Glossed whole, never parsed: ἐγένετο, came to be (John 1:3); κατέλαβεν, overcame, comprehended, laid hold of (John 1:5). Their full grammar belongs to a later course; their meaning belongs to you now.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
ἡ δόξαEnglish
Glory: the course's final sight word, read whole. It lives inside doxology, the glory-word the church sings.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
Glory: the course's final sight word, read whole. It lives inside doxology, the glory-word the church sings.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
ἀγαπάω / ἀγαπῶEnglish
I love, the verb of ἀγάπη. The dictionary lists ἀγαπάω; real text shows the squeezed forms ἀγαπῶ, ἀγαπᾷς, ἀγαπᾷ. This course reads them by sight, singular only.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
I love, the verb of ἀγάπη. The dictionary lists ἀγαπάω; real text shows the squeezed forms ἀγαπῶ, ἀγαπᾷς, ἀγαπᾷ. This course reads them by sight, singular only.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
τῷ θεῷ ἡ δόξαEnglish
To God be the glory: a sight phrase of thanks. τῷ θεῷ is dative, to God; ἡ δόξα is the glory; Greek lets the 'be' go unsaid.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
To God be the glory: a sight phrase of thanks. τῷ θεῷ is dative, to God; ἡ δόξα is the glory; Greek lets the 'be' go unsaid.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ ὮEnglish
Greek for 'the Alpha and the Omega' (toh AL-fah kye toh OH), from Revelation 1:8. The Ὦ is omega written out as the letter itself.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
Greek for 'the Alpha and the Omega' (toh AL-fah kye toh OH), from Revelation 1:8. The Ὦ is omega written out as the letter itself.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
πρός (+ accusative)English
Toward, with, facing. In John 1:1, πρὸς τὸν θεόν means with God, turned toward Him: not mere nearness but fellowship, face to face.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
Toward, with, facing. In John 1:1, πρὸς τὸν θεόν means with God, turned toward Him: not mere nearness but fellowship, face to face.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
ἐν + dativeEnglish
The preposition in takes the dative case: ἐν ἀρχῇ, in the beginning. The iota subscript under ἀρχῇ is the dative's quiet signature.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
The preposition in takes the dative case: ἐν ἀρχῇ, in the beginning. The iota subscript under ἀρχῇ is the dative's quiet signature.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
¿ and ¡English
The opening marks. Spanish brackets every question ¿...? and every exclamation ¡...!, so the reader knows the melody before the first word.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
The opening marks. Spanish brackets every question ¿...? and every exclamation ¡...!, so the reader knows the melody before the first word.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
-εινEnglish
The present infinitive's tidy ending: λύειν to loose, γράφειν to write, λέγειν to say, ἀκούειν to hear.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
The present infinitive's tidy ending: λύειν to loose, γράφειν to write, λέγειν to say, ἀκούειν to hear.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
A
ablativeEnglish
The 'by, with, from' case: puella, with or by the girl. It often works with little words like in, cum and ab.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
The 'by, with, from' case: puella, with or by the girl. It often works with little words like in, cum and ab.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
ablative of place whereEnglish
The ablative with in answers ubi, where at: in via, on the road; in silva, in the forest.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
The ablative with in answers ubi, where at: in via, on the road; in silva, in the forest.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
accentEnglish
A small mark over a vowel showing which syllable stands tallest. This course reads every accent the same way: stress this syllable.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
A small mark over a vowel showing which syllable stands tallest. This course reads every accent the same way: stress this syllable.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
accent markEnglish
The little slanted line over a vowel, as in jardín. It tells you which part of the word to say loudest: har-DEEN. It is part of the spelling, never optional.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
The little slanted line over a vowel, as in jardín. It tells you which part of the word to say loudest: har-DEEN. It is part of the spelling, never optional.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
accusativeEnglish
The receiving case: the noun the verb lands on. Masculine: τὸν λόγον, τοὺς λόγους; feminine singular: τὴν καρδίαν.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
The receiving case: the noun the verb lands on. Masculine: τὸν λόγον, τοὺς λόγους; feminine singular: τὴν καρδίαν.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
accusative of place to whichEnglish
The accusative with ad or in answers quo, where to: ad oppidum, to the town; in silvam, into the forest.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
The accusative with ad or in answers quo, where to: ad oppidum, to the town; in silvam, into the forest.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
Achilles and AjaxEnglish
The two greatest Greek warriors in the stories the Greeks told about the war at Troy: ΑΧΙΛΛΕΥΣ and ΑΙΑΣ on the vase.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
The two greatest Greek warriors in the stories the Greeks told about the war at Troy: ΑΧΙΛΛΕΥΣ and ΑΙΑΣ on the vase.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
acuteEnglish
The accent that leans forward ( ´ ), as in ἀλφάβητος. The most common of the three.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
The accent that leans forward ( ´ ), as in ἀλφάβητος. The most common of the three.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
A.D.English
Anno Domini, in the year of the Lord: our calendar counts the years from the birth of Christ.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
Anno Domini, in the year of the Lord: our calendar counts the years from the birth of Christ.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
ad fontesEnglish
Latin: back to the sources! The Renaissance scholars' cry to read texts in their original languages, Scripture above all in Greek and Hebrew.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
Latin: back to the sources! The Renaissance scholars' cry to read texts in their original languages, Scripture above all in Greek and Hebrew.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
adiós (ah-DYOHS)English
Goodbye. The little mark over the o is an accent: it tells you to lean on that part of the word, ah-DYOHS.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
Goodbye. The little mark over the o is an accent: it tells you to lean on that part of the word, ah-DYOHS.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
adjective agreementEnglish
The rule that an adjective matches its noun in gender, number and case: regina bona, gladius bonus, bellum bonum.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
The rule that an adjective matches its noun in gender, number and case: regina bona, gladius bonus, bellum bonum.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
affirmative tú commandEnglish
A positive command to one person you call tú. For regular verbs it is simply the él form of the present: habla, come, escribe, corta, mezcla.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
A positive command to one person you call tú. For regular verbs it is simply the él form of the present: habla, come, escribe, corta, mezcla.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
alea iacta estEnglish
'The die is cast': Caesar's words at the crossing, January, 49 B.C. Iacta est, it has been thrown, the perfect idea again: done, and not undoable.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
'The die is cast': Caesar's words at the crossing, January, 49 B.C. Iacta est, it has been thrown, the perfect idea again: done, and not undoable.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
alpha (ἄλφα)English
The FIRST Greek letter: capital Α, small α. It says ah, as in father.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
The FIRST Greek letter: capital Α, small α. It says ah, as in father.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
alphabet (ἀλφάβητος)English
A set of letters in a fixed order. The word is Greek: alpha-beta, the names of the first two letters, like calling ours the ay-bee.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
A set of letters in a fixed order. The word is Greek: alpha-beta, the names of the first two letters, like calling ours the ay-bee.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
A.M. and P.M.English
Ante meridiem and post meridiem: before and after midday. Your clock speaks Latin twice a day, all day.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
Ante meridiem and post meridiem: before and after midday. Your clock speaks Latin twice a day, all day.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
amarillo (ah-mah-REE-yoh)English
Yellow. The ll sounds like y, just like in me llamo.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
Yellow. The ll sounds like y, just like in me llamo.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
AménEnglish
So be it, from Hebrew, the same in Spanish, English and nearly every language. In Spanish it carries an accent: Amén (ah-MEHN).
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
So be it, from Hebrew, the same in Spanish, English and nearly every language. In Spanish it carries an accent: Amén (ah-MEHN).
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
amphoraEnglish
A two-handled storage jar, the workhorse pot of the Greek world, and the shape Exekias painted his masterpiece on.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
A two-handled storage jar, the workhorse pot of the Greek world, and the shape Exekias painted his masterpiece on.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
AnabasisEnglish
Xenophon's book about the march, Greek for 'the journey up-country.' One of the first great adventure books, and for centuries the first real Greek text students read.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
Xenophon's book about the march, Greek for 'the journey up-country.' One of the first great adventure books, and for centuries the first real Greek text students read.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
animaEnglish
Soul, life-breath: anima, animae, f. The psalm says animam meam convertit, He restoreth my soul. English keeps it in animal and animate, things with the breath of life.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
Soul, life-breath: anima, animae, f. The psalm says animam meam convertit, He restoreth my soul. English keeps it in animal and animate, things with the breath of life.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
animal soundsEnglish
The words people use for animals' voices. The animals sound the same everywhere, but each language hears them a little differently: woof in English, guau in Spanish.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
The words people use for animals' voices. The animals sound the same everywhere, but each language hears them a little differently: woof in English, guau in Spanish.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
anno DominiEnglish
'In the year of the Lord': the A.D. of dates, counting the years from the birth of Christ. MMXXVI is anno Domini 2026.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
'In the year of the Lord': the A.D. of dates, counting the years from the birth of Christ. MMXXVI is anno Domini 2026.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
annusEnglish
Year. English keeps it in annual, once a year, and anniversary, the day that comes back around each year.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
Year. English keeps it in annual, once a year, and anniversary, the day that comes back around each year.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
anocheEnglish
Last night. Built from a + noche, it is one of the commonest past-tense time words: Anoche comí pan. Last night I ate bread.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
Last night. Built from a + noche, it is one of the commonest past-tense time words: Anoche comí pan. Last night I ate bread.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
antiphonaryEnglish
A giant handwritten songbook, big enough for a whole choir to read from at once. Our picture study is one page of one.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
A giant handwritten songbook, big enough for a whole choir to read from at once. Our picture study is one page of one.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
aoristEnglish
Greek's snapshot past tense: the action happened, once, whole. ἔλυσα, I loosed. The workhorse tense of every Greek story.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
Greek's snapshot past tense: the action happened, once, whole. ἔλυσα, I loosed. The workhorse tense of every Greek story.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
aquíEnglish
Here. ¡Estoy aquí! I am here. ¡Aquí está! Here it is. The accent on the í is part of the spelling.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
Here. ¡Estoy aquí! I am here. ¡Aquí está! Here it is. The accent on the í is part of the spelling.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
aspirationEnglish
The grown-up word for the h-puff of breath. Rough breathing adds it; smooth breathing withholds it.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
The grown-up word for the h-puff of breath. Rough breathing adds it; smooth breathing withholds it.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
atriumEnglish
The front hall of a domus, with an opening in the roof and a rain-pool below it. Fancy hotels still call their big front halls atriums.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
The front hall of a domus, with an opening in the roof and a rain-pool below it. Fancy hotels still call their big front halls atriums.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
AtticEnglish
The Greek of classical Athens: Plato, Xenophon and the playwrights. The road Athenaze walks.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
The Greek of classical Athens: Plato, Xenophon and the playwrights. The road Athenaze walks.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
augmentEnglish
The ε- flag glued to the front of a verb to mark past time: γράφω becomes ἔγραφον. A verb starting with α lengthens instead: ἀκούω becomes ἤκουον.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6) · Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
The ε- flag glued to the front of a verb to mark past time: γράφω becomes ἔγραφον. A verb starting with α lengthens instead: ἀκούω becomes ἤκουον.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6) · Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
Aulus GelliusEnglish
A Roman scholar (about A.D. 125–180) whose book Attic Nights preserves the Androclus story, which he reports as fact from an eyewitness account.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
A Roman scholar (about A.D. 125–180) whose book Attic Nights preserves the Androclus story, which he reports as fact from an eyewitness account.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
azul (ah-SOOL)English
Blue. In the Americas the z sounds like s.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
Blue. In the Americas the z sounds like s.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
B
bardEnglish
A singer who carries poems in memory. Homer's poems lived in bards' memories for generations before they were written down.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
A singer who carries poems in memory. Homer's poems lived in bards' memories for generations before they were written down.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
bell tower (campanario)English
A tall tower that holds bells. Before clocks and watches were common, bells told a whole town when to wake, when to work, when to pray and when to rest.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
A tall tower that holds bells. Before clocks and watches were common, bells told a whole town when to wake, when to work, when to pray and when to rest.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
beta (β)English
The second Greek letter: capital Β, small β. It says b, and with alpha it names the whole ἀλφάβητος, the alphabet.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
The second Greek letter: capital Β, small β. It says b, and with alpha it names the whole ἀλφάβητος, the alphabet.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
black-figureEnglish
The vase-painting style where figures are painted in black glossy slip against the clay's red-orange, with details scratched through to the light below.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
The vase-painting style where figures are painted in black glossy slip against the clay's red-orange, with details scratched through to the light below.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
bonus, bona, bonumEnglish
The dictionary way of listing an adjective: its masculine, feminine and neuter nominatives. The three forms are one word with three wardrobes.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
The dictionary way of listing an adjective: its masculine, feminine and neuter nominatives. The three forms are one word with three wardrobes.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
book of hoursEnglish
A personal prayer book of the Middle Ages, with prayers for different hours of the day. Each one begins with a calendar of the year's feast days.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
A personal prayer book of the Middle Ages, with prayers for different hours of the day. Each one begins with a calendar of the year's feast days.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
¡Buen provecho! (bwehn proh-BEH-choh)English
Enjoy your meal! A friendly wish said to people who are eating, at the start of a meal or when you pass someone at the table.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
Enjoy your meal! A friendly wish said to people who are eating, at the start of a meal or when you pass someone at the table.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
buenas noches (BWEH-nahs NOH-chehs)English
Good evening, and also good night. Say it after dark, and when you go to bed.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
Good evening, and also good night. Say it after dark, and when you go to bed.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
buenos días (BWEH-nohs DEE-ahs)English
Good morning. Say it from the time you wake up until lunch.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
Good morning. Say it from the time you wake up until lunch.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
by heartEnglish
Learned so well the words live in you, available in the dark, which is where the best words are kept.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
Learned so well the words live in you, available in the dark, which is where the best words are kept.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
C
cacaoEnglish
The tree whose bitter beans are roasted and ground to make chocolate. The word comes from Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, through Spanish.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
The tree whose bitter beans are roasted and ground to make chocolate. The word comes from Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, through Spanish.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
caelumEnglish
Sky, heaven. Say it KYE-lum, with the ae rule. This one is a sight word: learn to recognize and say it, no card needed.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
Sky, heaven. Say it KYE-lum, with the ae rule. This one is a sight word: learn to recognize and say it, no card needed.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
cañada realEnglish
A royal sheep-road: a wide path protected by the king, on which flocks walked hundreds of miles between their summer and winter pastures.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
A royal sheep-road: a wide path protected by the king, on which flocks walked hundreds of miles between their summer and winter pastures.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
candidatusEnglish
'Whitened': a man running for office in Rome wore a toga rubbed with white chalk so he could be seen across the Forum. Every candidate still wears the word.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
'Whitened': a man running for office in Rome wore a toga rubbed with white chalk so he could be seen across the Forum. Every candidate still wears the word.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
canisEnglish
Dog. A sight word that you have already read on a doormat: CAVE CANEM, beware of the dog. English says canine.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
Dog. A sight word that you have already read on a doormat: CAVE CANEM, beware of the dog. English says canine.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
Cantar de mio CidEnglish
The Song of My Cid, Spain's oldest surviving great poem, about the Cid's exile and his return to the king's favor. It survives in only one manuscript.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)
The Song of My Cid, Spain's oldest surviving great poem, about the Cid's exile and his return to the king's favor. It survives in only one manuscript.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)
capital letter and small letterEnglish
Every Greek letter has a big shape and a little shape, just like A and a. Alpha is Α and α; omega is Ω and ω.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
Every Greek letter has a big shape and a little shape, just like A and a. Alpha is Α and α; omega is Ω and ω.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
capital lettersEnglish
The big letter shapes (Α Β Γ Δ), the only shapes Greek had for its first centuries. Stone-cutters love straight lines.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)
The big letter shapes (Α Β Γ Δ), the only shapes Greek had for its first centuries. Stone-cutters love straight lines.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)
caravel (la carabela)English
A small, quick, light ship of Spain and Portugal, good for exploring. The Niña and the Pinta were caravels.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
A small, quick, light ship of Spain and Portugal, good for exploring. The Niña and the Pinta were caravels.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
cardinal numbersEnglish
The counting words: unus, duo, tres... undecim, duodecim... viginti. Cardinal from cardo, a hinge: the numbers everything else swings on.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
The counting words: unus, duo, tres... undecim, duodecim... viginti. Cardinal from cardo, a hinge: the numbers everything else swings on.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
caryatidEnglish
A carved maiden serving as a column, like the six on the Erechtheion's porch: different figures, one load, this unit's picture of the declension.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
A carved maiden serving as a column, like the six on the Erechtheion's porch: different figures, one load, this unit's picture of the declension.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
castraEnglish
A sight word for now: the Romans' word for their fortified camp. It is a plural neuter, 'the camps,' used for one camp; English place names like Lancaster and Chester still carry it.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)
A sight word for now: the Romans' word for their fortified camp. It is a plural neuter, 'the camps,' used for one camp; English place names like Lancaster and Chester still carry it.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)
catacombsEnglish
The underground burial galleries cut into the soft rock outside Rome, where early Christians buried their dead and painted their hope on the walls, miles of them, from the 100s and 200s A.D.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
The underground burial galleries cut into the soft rock outside Rome, where early Christians buried their dead and painted their hope on the walls, miles of them, from the 100s and 200s A.D.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
cenaEnglish
The main meal of the Roman day, eaten in the late afternoon when the day's work was done. Say it KAY-nah.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
The main meal of the Roman day, eaten in the late afternoon when the day's work was done. Say it KAY-nah.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
censorEnglish
The Roman magistrate who conducted the census and guarded public morals; a man struck from the rolls was censured. Both English words keep his name.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
The Roman magistrate who conducted the census and guarded public morals; a man struck from the rolls was censured. Both English words keep his name.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
ceremonyEnglish
A doing-it-properly moment: standing up, speaking clearly, honoring the thing done. Your reading-aloud ceremony crowns the quarter.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
A doing-it-properly moment: standing up, speaking clearly, honoring the thing done. Your reading-aloud ceremony crowns the quarter.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
chantEnglish
The old way of singing prayers and Scripture: one flowing melody, no instruments, written in square notes on four lines.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
The old way of singing prayers and Scripture: one flowing melody, no instruments, written in square notes on four lines.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
Chart BookEnglish
This quarter's toolbox: every paradigm of grades 6–7 re-inked into one tabbed booklet, so that any chart is five seconds away while you read real text.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
This quarter's toolbox: every paradigm of grades 6–7 re-inked into one tabbed booklet, so that any chart is five seconds away while you read real text.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
σ-chemistryEnglish
The letter-mathematics of adding σ to a stem: π or φ plus σ makes ψ (γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα), the same chemistry that made the future, now with the augment in front.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
The letter-mathematics of adding σ to a stem: π or φ plus σ makes ψ (γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα), the same chemistry that made the future, now with the augment in front.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
chi (χ)English
The twenty-second letter: capital Χ, small χ. It says the rough h-sound of Scottish loch, a cat-hiss k-h. It starts ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ (chris-TOSS), Christ.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
The twenty-second letter: capital Χ, small χ. It says the rough h-sound of Scottish loch, a cat-hiss k-h. It starts ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ (chris-TOSS), Christ.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
Chi-Rho (☧)English
The sign made of Χ and Ρ, the first two letters of ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ, Christ, drawn one on top of the other. Christians have woven it into art for seventeen centuries.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
The sign made of Χ and Ρ, the first two letters of ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ, Christ, drawn one on top of the other. Christians have woven it into art for seventeen centuries.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
chitonEnglish
The everyday tunic a Greek wore. Our lesson's picture of English: Greek worn so comfortably we forget it is there.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)
The everyday tunic a Greek wore. Our lesson's picture of English: Greek worn so comfortably we forget it is there.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)
church pronunciationEnglish
The later way of sounding Latin used in church singing, where c before e or i softens (caelis sounds like chay-lees). Your classical chant keeps c hard; both are correct, and this lesson you will hear both.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
The later way of sounding Latin used in church singing, where c before e or i softens (caelis sounds like chay-lees). Your classical chant keeps c hard; both are correct, and this lesson you will hear both.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
church wordsEnglish
The Greek skeleton of churchly English: baptize (βαπτίζω, dip), angel (ἄγγελος, messenger), apostle (ἀπόστολος, sent one), Christ (Χριστός, Anointed), Bible (βιβλία, books).
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
The Greek skeleton of churchly English: baptize (βαπτίζω, dip), angel (ἄγγελος, messenger), apostle (ἀπόστολος, sent one), Christ (Χριστός, Anointed), Bible (βιβλία, books).
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
cibusEnglish
Food. Second declension: cibum when the food is bought, carried or eaten.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
Food. Second declension: cibum when the food is bought, carried or eaten.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
circumflexEnglish
The accent that bends like a little wave ( ῀ ), as in τρεῖς. It sits on long vowels and diphthongs. Read it like the others: stress.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
The accent that bends like a little wave ( ῀ ), as in τρεῖς. It sits on long vowels and diphthongs. Read it like the others: stress.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
citharaEnglish
The big concert lyre of the Roman world, held upright and plucked; the grandest instrument a Roman home could show off.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
The big concert lyre of the Roman world, held upright and plucked; the grandest instrument a Roman home could show off.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
civis RomanusEnglish
A Roman citizen, with rights no governor could ignore. Paul was born one (Acts 22:28), and his appeal to Caesar is why the voyage of Acts 27 happened at all.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
A Roman citizen, with rights no governor could ignore. Paul was born one (Acts 22:28), and his appeal to Caesar is why the voyage of Acts 27 happened at all.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
classical pronunciationEnglish
Saying Latin the way Romans of Caesar's day said it: c always like k, g always hard, v like our w, ae like eye.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
Saying Latin the way Romans of Caesar's day said it: c always like k, g always hard, v like our w, ae like eye.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
cognomenEnglish
The third name, the branch or nickname: Caesar, Cicero, or a virtue name like Fidelis (faithful) or Felix (blessed, happy).
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
The third name, the branch or nickname: Caesar, Cicero, or a virtue name like Fidelis (faithful) or Felix (blessed, happy).
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
command (el mandato)English
A verb form that tells someone to do something: ¡Come! Eat! Spanish has different command forms for tú (family and friends) and usted (the polite world).
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
A verb form that tells someone to do something: ¡Come! Eat! Spanish has different command forms for tú (family and friends) and usted (the polite world).
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
¿Cómo se dice...?English
How do you say...? The golden phrase that turns every Spanish speaker you ever meet into your teacher: ¿Cómo se dice tree? Say it, and the language keeps opening forever.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
How do you say...? The golden phrase that turns every Spanish speaker you ever meet into your teacher: ¿Cómo se dice tree? Say it, and the language keeps opening forever.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
comparativeEnglish
The more rung: longior, longer; fortior, braver; citius, more swiftly. Latin's -ior does English's -er work.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
The more rung: longior, longer; fortior, braver; citius, more swiftly. Latin's -ior does English's -er work.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
compared adverbEnglish
Adverbs climb too: fortiter, fortius, fortissime, bravely, more bravely, most bravely. The Olympic motto is three comparative adverbs.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
Adverbs climb too: fortiter, fortius, fortissime, bravely, more bravely, most bravely. The Olympic motto is three comparative adverbs.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
complementary infinitiveEnglish
The grammar name for an infinitive completing a verb like θέλω: wanting needs a named action to want. You need only the idea, not the label.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
The grammar name for an infinitive completing a verb like θέλω: wanting needs a named action to want. You need only the idea, not the label.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
compound wordEnglish
A word built from two or more pieces, each with its own meaning: river + horse, terrible + lizard. Greek loves compounds, and so does science.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
A word built from two or more pieces, each with its own meaning: river + horse, terrible + lizard. Greek loves compounds, and so does science.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
comprehensionEnglish
Proving you understood by answering from the text: who did it? what received it? how do you know?
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
Proving you understood by answering from the text: who did it? what received it? how do you know?
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
comprehension questionEnglish
A question that checks whether a listener understood a story: ¿Quién...? ¿Dónde...? ¿Cuántos años...? Asked in Spanish, answered in Spanish.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
A question that checks whether a listener understood a story: ¿Quién...? ¿Dónde...? ¿Cuántos años...? Asked in Spanish, answered in Spanish.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
conjugationEnglish
Running a verb through its persons: λύω, λύεις, λύει... the verb's parade in uniform.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5)
Running a verb through its persons: λύω, λύεις, λύει... the verb's parade in uniform.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5)
consonantEnglish
A letter for a sound you make by blocking air with lips or tongue: b, g, d. Phoenician letters were almost all consonants.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3) · Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
A letter for a sound you make by blocking air with lips or tongue: b, g, d. Phoenician letters were almost all consonants.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3) · Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
contarEnglish
To tell (a story), and also to count. Present: cuento, cuentas, cuenta, contamos, cuentan (the o becomes ue in four forms). Past: conté, contaste, contó, contamos, contaron. Abuela cuenta: Grandmother tells.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
To tell (a story), and also to count. Present: cuento, cuentas, cuenta, contamos, cuentan (the o becomes ue in four forms). Past: conté, contaste, contó, contamos, contaron. Abuela cuenta: Grandmother tells.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
contextEnglish
The words and situation around a word that settle its meaning. Hablamos alone could be now or yesterday; ayer hablamos settles it.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
The words and situation around a word that settle its meaning. Hablamos alone could be now or yesterday; ayer hablamos settles it.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
contract verbEnglish
A verb whose stem ends in a vowel that squeezes together with the ending's first vowel: ἀγαπάω becomes ἀγαπῶ, ποιέω becomes ποιῶ. Recognized this year, drilled in later courses.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
A verb whose stem ends in a vowel that squeezes together with the ending's first vowel: ἀγαπάω becomes ἀγαπῶ, ποιέω becomes ποιῶ. Recognized this year, drilled in later courses.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
courtesy wordsEnglish
The small coins of Spanish politeness, spent constantly: por favor (please), gracias (thank you), señor, señora.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
The small coins of Spanish politeness, spent constantly: por favor (please), gracias (thank you), señor, señora.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
Cristo me ama (KREES-toh meh AH-mah)English
Christ loves me: the Spanish name of Jesus Loves Me.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
Christ loves me: the Spanish name of Jesus Loves Me.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
Cristóbal ColónEnglish
Christopher Columbus's name in Spanish. He was born in Genoa, Italy, as Cristoforo Colombo, and sailed for the king and queen of Spain.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
Christopher Columbus's name in Spanish. He was born in Genoa, Italy, as Cristoforo Colombo, and sailed for the king and queen of Spain.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
¿Cuántos años tienes?English
How old are you? Word for word: how many years do you have? The answer: Tengo diez años, I have ten years, I am ten.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
How old are you? Word for word: how many years do you have? The answer: Tengo diez años, I have ten years, I am ten.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
cuatro, cinco (KWAH-troh, SEEN-koh)English
Four, five. The c in cuatro sounds like k; the first c in cinco sounds like s.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
Four, five. The c in cuatro sounds like k; the first c in cinco sounds like s.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
D
dánosloEnglish
Give it to us. Three little words glued into one: da (give) + nos (us) + lo (it).
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
Give it to us. Three little words glued into one: da (give) + nos (us) + lo (it).
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
dativeEnglish
The to/for-case: the receiver. τῇ φωνῇ, to or for the voice.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
The to/for-case: the receiver. τῇ φωνῇ, to or for the voice.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
dative and ablative pluralEnglish
The to/for-them and by/with/from-them cases. In the first declension both end in -is: puellis. Which job it is doing, the sentence tells you.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
The to/for-them and by/with/from-them cases. In the first declension both end in -is: puellis. Which job it is doing, the sentence tells you.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
dative of the indirect objectEnglish
The case of the receiver, to whom or for whom something is given, shown, told or announced: Regina puellae rosam donat.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
The case of the receiver, to whom or for whom something is given, shown, told or announced: Regina puellae rosam donat.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
De colores (deh koh-LOH-rehs)English
In colors, or colorful: the name of an old, much-loved Spanish folk song about the colors of springtime, the birds and the rainbow.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
In colors, or colorful: the name of an old, much-loved Spanish folk song about the colors of springtime, the birds and the rainbow.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
de la...English
Used instead of por when a clock time comes first: a las ocho de la mañana, at eight in the morning; a las nueve de la noche, at nine at night.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
Used instead of por when a clock time comes first: a las ocho de la mañana, at eight in the morning; a las nueve de la noche, at nine at night.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
de nada (deh NAH-dah)English
You're welcome. It means it was nothing.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
You're welcome. It means it was nothing.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
¿De qué color es? (deh KEH koh-LOR ehs)English
What color is it? Answer with just the color word: ¡Rojo!
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
What color is it? Answer with just the color word: ¡Rojo!
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
decemEnglish
Ten. It hides inside decimal, our ten-based way of counting, and inside December, which you will unmask next lesson.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
Ten. It hides inside decimal, our ten-based way of counting, and inside December, which you will unmask next lesson.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
declensionEnglish
A family of nouns that all change endings the same way. καρδία and φωνή lead the first declension; λόγος leads the second.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
A family of nouns that all change endings the same way. καρδία and φωνή lead the first declension; λόγος leads the second.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
declineEnglish
To recite or write a noun through all its cases in order, the way you run down a staircase.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
To recite or write a noun through all its cases in order, the way you run down a staircase.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
declining a pronounEnglish
Pronouns take cases just as nouns do: ego, mei, mihi, me, me runs the same five jobs as puella, puellae, puellae, puellam, puella.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
Pronouns take cases just as nouns do: ego, mei, mihi, me, me runs the same five jobs as puella, puellae, puellae, puellam, puella.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
derivativeEnglish
An English word built from pieces of an older language. Telescope is a derivative of Greek tele (far) + skopeo (I look).
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5) · Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4) · +1 more
An English word built from pieces of an older language. Telescope is a derivative of Greek tele (far) + skopeo (I look).
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5) · Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4) · +1 more
destierroEnglish
Exile: being sent out of your own land by your ruler. The first part of the Cid's poem is the story of his destierro.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
Exile: being sent out of your own land by your ruler. The first part of the Cid's poem is the story of his destierro.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
dictatorEnglish
In the early republic, an emergency commander given total power for six months at most. Cincinnatus held the office sixteen days and gave it back.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
In the early republic, an emergency commander given total power for six months at most. Cincinnatus held the office sixteen days and gave it back.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
dictionaryEnglish
A book of words with their meanings, and in Webster's kind, their family history: where each word came from.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
A book of words with their meanings, and in Webster's kind, their family history: where each word came from.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
dictionary entryEnglish
How a Latin noun is properly written down: nominative, genitive, gender, meaning. Rex, regis, m., king. From this lesson on, every noun you learn is learned this way.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7) · Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
How a Latin noun is properly written down: nominative, genitive, gender, meaning. Rex, regis, m., king. From this lesson on, every noun you learn is learned this way.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7) · Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
dictionary pairEnglish
How third-declension nouns are learned: nominative plus genitive, νύξ, νυκτός. The pair tells you everything; the nominative alone tells you almost nothing.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
How third-declension nouns are learned: nominative plus genitive, νύξ, νυκτός. The pair tells you everything; the nominative alone tells you almost nothing.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
diminutiveEnglish
A word made smaller with a little ending. ὁ τυρός, cheese, from your grade 5 deck, becomes τὸ τυρίον, a little cheese, a morsel.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
A word made smaller with a little ending. ὁ τυρός, cheese, from your grade 5 deck, becomes τὸ τυρίον, a little cheese, a morsel.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
diphthongEnglish
Two vowels gliding together into one sound, read as one team: αι, ει, οι, αυ, ευ, ου. Greek for 'two sounds.'
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
Two vowels gliding together into one sound, read as one team: αι, ει, οι, αυ, ευ, ου. Greek for 'two sounds.'
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
Dipylon jugEnglish
A clay jug from Athens, about 740 B.C., scratched with the oldest Greek alphabet sentence we can read: a prize for the best dancer.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
A clay jug from Athens, about 740 B.C., scratched with the oldest Greek alphabet sentence we can read: a prize for the best dancer.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
direct object pronounEnglish
A little word that stands in for the direct object: lo (him, it), la (her, it), los and las (them), me (me), te (you). ¿El libro? Lo leo. I read it.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
A little word that stands in for the direct object: lo (him, it), la (her, it), los and las (them), me (me), te (you). ¿El libro? Lo leo. I read it.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
discernmentEnglish
Reading with two columns open: what the story says, and what is true. The skill this lesson teaches and the whole year uses.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
Reading with two columns open: what the story says, and what is true. The skill this lesson teaches and the whole year uses.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
domusEnglish
A Roman family's town house. This one is a sight word: learn to recognize and say it (DOH-moos), no card needed.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
A Roman family's town house. This one is a sight word: learn to recognize and say it (DOH-moos), no card needed.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
dona nobis pacemEnglish
Grant us peace: dona, grant or give; nobis, to us; pacem, peace. Three Latin words, one prayer, sung for centuries.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
Grant us peace: dona, grant or give; nobis, to us; pacem, peace. Three Latin words, one prayer, sung for centuries.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
double gammaEnglish
γγ says ng, not gg: ἄγγελος is ANG-el-os. (γκ says nk the same way.)
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
γγ says ng, not gg: ἄγγελος is ANG-el-os. (γκ says nk the same way.)
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
due processEnglish
The principle that the government must follow fair, established procedure, judgment of equals, law of the land, before touching a person or property. Clause 39 is its seed.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
The principle that the government must follow fair, established procedure, judgment of equals, law of the land, before touching a person or property. Clause 39 is its seed.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
E
E pluribus unumEnglish
Out of many, one: the motto on the Great Seal of the United States, adopted in 1782, thirteen letters for thirteen states become one nation.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
Out of many, one: the motto on the Great Seal of the United States, adopted in 1782, thirteen letters for thirteen states become one nation.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
eiusEnglish
His or her, one unchanging form for both: equus eius, his horse or her horse. Context tells you which person owns it.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
His or her, one unchanging form for both: equus eius, his horse or her horse. Context tells you which person owns it.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
el abuelo, la abuela (ehl ah-BWEH-loh, lah ah-BWEH-lah)English
The grandfather, the grandmother. Many children call them abuelito and abuelita, a loving way to say grandpa and grandma.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
The grandfather, the grandmother. Many children call them abuelito and abuelita, a loving way to say grandpa and grandma.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
el aceiteEnglish
Oil, above all olive oil, el aceite de oliva. The word came into Spanish from Arabic az-zayt, and Spain grows more olives than any country on earth.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
Oil, above all olive oil, el aceite de oliva. The word came into Spanish from Arabic az-zayt, and Spain grows more olives than any country on earth.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
el Archivo de IndiasEnglish
The Archive of the Indies in Seville, where the records of four centuries of Spanish America are kept: letters, ships' papers, maps and reports, some eighty million pages in Spanish.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
The Archive of the Indies in Seville, where the records of four centuries of Spanish America are kept: letters, ships' papers, maps and reports, some eighty million pages in Spanish.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
el bebé (ehl beh-BEH)English
The baby. Easy to remember, and it leans on the last part, just like mamá and papá.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
The baby. Easy to remember, and it leans on the last part, just like mamá and papá.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
el caballeroEnglish
The knight; literally the horseman, from el caballo. Don Quixote's dream is to stop being a quiet hidalgo and become a caballero andante, a knight-errant.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
The knight; literally the horseman, from el caballo. Don Quixote's dream is to stop being a quiet hidalgo and become a caballero andante, a knight-errant.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
el caballo, la vaca (ehl kah-BAH-yoh, lah BAH-kah)English
The horse, the cow. The ll in caballo sounds like y, and the v in vaca is soft, almost a b.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
The horse, the cow. The ll in caballo sounds like y, and the v in vaca is soft, almost a b.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
El CidEnglish
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (about 1043–1099), the knight of Castile whose loyalty made him Spain's great hero. Cid comes from an Arabic word for lord.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (about 1043–1099), the knight of Castile whose loyalty made him Spain's great hero. Cid comes from an Arabic word for lord.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
El Concierto (ehl kohn-SYEHR-toh)English
The concert: the little family concert that ends this quarter.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
The concert: the little family concert that ends this quarter.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
el corredorEnglish
The long covered porch that ran along the front of a rancho's adobe house. From correr, to run: a corredor runs the length of the house.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
The long covered porch that ran along the front of a rancho's adobe house. From correr, to run: a corredor runs the length of the house.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
el cuentoEnglish
A story or tale, from contar, which means both to count and to tell. Un cuento is a story told aloud or written down; los cuentos, stories.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
A story or tale, from contar, which means both to count and to tell. Un cuento is a story told aloud or written down; los cuentos, stories.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
el Día de los Reyes MagosEnglish
The Day of the Three Kings, January 6, when the Spanish-speaking world remembers the Wise Men who came to Jesus, and children receive gifts.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
The Day of the Three Kings, January 6, when the Spanish-speaking world remembers the Wise Men who came to Jesus, and children receive gifts.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
el escuderoEnglish
The squire, a knight's helper; literally the shield-bearer, from el escudo, the shield. Sancho Panza, a farmer with a donkey, is the most famous squire in the world.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
The squire, a knight's helper; literally the shield-bearer, from el escudo, the shield. Sancho Panza, a farmer with a donkey, is the most famous squire in the world.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
el españolEnglish
The Spanish language itself, the last flashcard of the deck: Hablo español, I speak Spanish, now honestly true.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
The Spanish language itself, the last flashcard of the deck: Hablo español, I speak Spanish, now honestly true.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
el galeónEnglish
The galleon: the great Spanish sailing ship of the 1500s and 1600s, built to carry heavy cargo across oceans and to defend it, with high castles at the stern and rows of cannon.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
The galleon: the great Spanish sailing ship of the 1500s and 1600s, built to carry heavy cargo across oceans and to defend it, with high castles at the stern and rows of cannon.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
el giganteEnglish
The giant. Don Quixote's books are full of them, so his eyes find them everywhere.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
The giant. Don Quixote's books are full of them, so his eyes find them everywhere.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
el hermano, la hermana (ehl ehr-MAH-noh, lah ehr-MAH-nah)English
The brother, the sister. The h is quiet, as always.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
The brother, the sister. The h is quiet, as always.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
el hidalgoEnglish
A gentleman of the lowest rank of Spanish nobility: proud of his name, often poor. The word is a contraction of hijo de algo, son of something, meaning son of someone of note.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
A gentleman of the lowest rank of Spanish nobility: proud of his name, often poor. The word is a contraction of hijo de algo, son of something, meaning son of someone of note.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
el lazo and la reataEnglish
The loop and the braided rawhide rope of the vaquero. English made them lasso and lariat (la reata run together).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
The loop and the braided rawhide rope of the vaquero. English made them lasso and lariat (la reata run together).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
el letreroEnglish
A sign: the notices on doors, walls and roads that speak to everyone at once, and so almost always use the polite usted command.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
A sign: the notices on doors, walls and roads that speak to everyone at once, and so almost always use the polite usted command.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
el lugarEnglish
The place; in Cervantes's day also a village. The first noun of the novel: En un lugar de la Mancha, in a place in La Mancha.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
The place; in Cervantes's day also a village. The first noun of the novel: En un lugar de la Mancha, in a place in La Mancha.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
el molino de vientoEnglish
The windmill; literally the mill of wind. Its four great arms are las aspas, the sails, which turn in the wind to grind grain. La Mancha's hills still have rows of them.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
The windmill; literally the mill of wind. Its four great arms are las aspas, the sails, which turn in the wind to grind grain. La Mancha's hills still have rows of them.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
el Padre NuestroEnglish
The Lord's Prayer in Spanish, named, as in Latin, for its first two words: Our Father.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
The Lord's Prayer in Spanish, named, as in Latin, for its first two words: Our Father.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
el padre, papá (ehl PAH-dreh, pah-PAH)English
The father; dad. Papá also leans on the last part and wears its accent.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
The father; dad. Papá also leans on the last part and wears its accent.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
el pájaro (ehl PAH-hah-roh)English
The bird. It leans on the first part, and the accent mark shows it. The j is a breathy h.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
The bird. It leans on the first part, and the accent mark shows it. The j is a breathy h.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
el pan de cada díaEnglish
The bread of each day, daily bread. Cada día means each day, every day.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
The bread of each day, daily bread. Cada día means each day, every day.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
el pan, la leche, el agua (ehl PAHN, lah LEH-cheh, ehl AH-gwah)English
The bread, the milk, the water. Water always says el agua.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
The bread, the milk, the water. Water always says el agua.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
el pastorEnglish
The shepherd, from Latin pastor, one who feeds the flock. Spanish uses the same word for the pastor of a church: the one who shepherds God's people.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
The shepherd, from Latin pastor, one who feeds the flock. Spanish uses the same word for the pastor of a church: the one who shepherds God's people.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
el perro, el gato (ehl PEH-rroh, ehl GAH-toh)English
The dog, the cat. The rr in perro is a big rolled drumroll.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
The dog, the cat. The rr in perro is a big rolled drumroll.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
el pescadorEnglish
The fisherman. From pescar, to fish; cousin of el pez, the fish (Grade 3), and Latin piscis.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
The fisherman. From pescar, to fish; cousin of el pez, the fish (Grade 3), and Latin piscis.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
el pez (ehl PEHS)English
The fish, a living fish swimming in the water. In the Americas the z sounds like s.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
The fish, a living fish swimming in the water. In the Americas the z sounds like s.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
el programaEnglish
The program, the printed order of an event. An el word ending in -a, like el día; many words of Greek origin ending in -ma are el words: el programa, el problema, el idioma, el tema.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
The program, the printed order of an event. An el word ending in -a, like el día; many words of Greek origin ending in -ma are el words: el programa, el problema, el idioma, el tema.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
el puebloEnglish
The town or village; also a people, a nation. El pueblo de Dios is the people of God.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
The town or village; also a people, a nation. El pueblo de Dios is the people of God.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
el ranchoEnglish
A ranch: a large spread of grazing land with a house, corrals and herds. The California ranchos of the 1800s covered thousands of acres each.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
A ranch: a large spread of grazing land with a house, corrals and herds. The California ranchos of the 1800s covered thousands of acres each.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
el refránEnglish
A proverb: a short, old, rhyming or rhythmic saying that carries a piece of common wisdom. Spanish has thousands, and Sancho Panza seems to know them all.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
A proverb: a short, old, rhyming or rhythmic saying that carries a piece of common wisdom. Spanish has thousands, and Sancho Panza seems to know them all.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
el relojEnglish
A clock or a watch. The final j is so soft it almost disappears: reh-LOH.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
A clock or a watch. The final j is so soft it almost disappears: reh-LOH.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
el rodeoEnglish
The roundup, from rodear, to go around: vaqueros rode around the scattered cattle to gather them for counting and branding. Only later did the word come to mean a riding show.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
The roundup, from rodear, to go around: vaqueros rode around the scattered cattle to gather them for counting and branding. Only later did the word come to mean a riding show.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
el vaqueroEnglish
A cowman, the Spanish-speaking horseman who worked cattle in Mexico and California. From la vaca, cow: a vaquero is literally a cow-man, a cowboy.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
A cowman, the Spanish-speaking horseman who worked cattle in Mexico and California. From la vaca, cow: a vaquero is literally a cow-man, a cowboy.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
el viajeEnglish
The trip, the voyage, the journey. A masculine word even though it ends in -e: el viaje, los viajes. ¡Buen viaje! is how Spanish says have a good trip.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
The trip, the voyage, the journey. A masculine word even though it ends in -e: el viaje, los viajes. ¡Buen viaje! is how Spanish says have a good trip.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
emphaticEnglish
Said with weight. Greek verb endings already name the doer, so writing the pronoun adds emphasis: ἐγὼ λέγω, I myself say.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
Said with weight. Greek verb endings already name the doer, so writing the pronoun adds emphasis: ἐγὼ λέγω, I myself say.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
enEnglish
In, on or at: en la casa (in the house, at home), en la mesa (on the table), en Granada (in Granada). One little word for all three English ones.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
In, on or at: en la casa (in the house, at home), en la mesa (on the table), en Granada (in Granada). One little word for all three English ones.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
encliticEnglish
A little word that leans on the word before it, like ἐστί. You need only the name, not the rules: copy the printed forms and all is well.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5)
A little word that leans on the word before it, like ἐστί. You need only the name, not the rules: copy the printed forms and all is well.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5)
enclitic formsEnglish
The little leaning forms of the pronouns (μου, μοι, με; σου, σοι, σε) that hang onto the word before them, like ἐστί does. Copy the printed patterns and all is well.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
The little leaning forms of the pronouns (μου, μοι, με; σου, σοι, σε) that hang onto the word before them, like ἐστί does. Copy the printed patterns and all is well.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
EpiphanyEnglish
The church's name for January 6, the feast of the Wise Men. It closes the twelve days of Christmas.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
The church's name for January 6, the feast of the Wise Men. It closes the twelve days of Christmas.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
-er verbEnglish
A verb whose infinitive ends in -er: comer, beber, leer, aprender, correr. The second of Spanish's three verb families.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
A verb whose infinitive ends in -er: comer, beber, leer, aprender, correr. The second of Spanish's three verb families.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
ErgastinesEnglish
The young women of Athens who wove the robe presented to the city's idol at the great festival; the Louvre's plaque shows them in solemn procession.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
The young women of Athens who wove the robe presented to the city's idol at the great festival; the Louvre's plaque shows them in solemn procession.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
es la una / son las dosEnglish
One o'clock is one hour, so it takes es; every other hour is plural, so it takes son: son las dos, son las doce.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
One o'clock is one hour, so it takes es; every other hour is plural, so it takes son: son las dos, son las doce.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
estarEnglish
The second Spanish verb to be: estoy, estás, está, estamos, están. Its first job is to say where someone or something is.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
The second Spanish verb to be: estoy, estás, está, estamos, están. Its first job is to say where someone or something is.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
estar's jobEnglish
To say where something is (Está en la mesa.) and how it is right now, its condition (Estoy cansado. La niña está triste.).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
To say where something is (Está en la mesa.) and how it is right now, its condition (Estoy cansado. La niña está triste.).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
eta (η)English
The seventh letter: capital Η, small η. The trap letter: it LOOKS like an English n (or capital H) but SAYS long AY, as in they.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
The seventh letter: capital Η, small η. The trap letter: it LOOKS like an English n (or capital H) but SAYS long AY, as in they.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
etc.English
Et cetera, and the rest. Its cousins: P.S., post scriptum, written after; i.e., id est, that is; e.g., exempli gratia, for the sake of an example.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
Et cetera, and the rest. Its cousins: P.S., post scriptum, written after; i.e., id est, that is; e.g., exempli gratia, for the sake of an example.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
eurekaEnglish
English's spelling of εὕρηκα (HEW-ray-ka), 'I have found it!', Archimedes' shout, still used today when an idea strikes.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
English's spelling of εὕρηκα (HEW-ray-ka), 'I have found it!', Archimedes' shout, still used today when an idea strikes.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
EuroclydonEnglish
The violent northeaster that seized Paul's ship (Acts 27:14), a wind so famous among sailors that it had its own name, like hurricanes today.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
The violent northeaster that seized Paul's ship (Acts 27:14), a wind so famous among sailors that it had its own name, like hurricanes today.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
exceptionEnglish
A word that breaks the usual rule. Nauta, agricola and poeta wear the -a ending but are masculine, because the person decides.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
A word that breaks the usual rule. Nauta, agricola and poeta wear the -a ending but are masculine, because the person decides.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
ExekiasEnglish
The Athenian master, about 540 B.C., who signed the amphora as both potter and painter, and labeled his heroes so we could read them.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
The Athenian master, about 540 B.C., who signed the amphora as both potter and painter, and labeled his heroes so we could read them.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
F
false friendEnglish
A word that looks like an English word but means something else: ropa looks like rope but means clothes; sopa looks like soap but means soup. Check a false friend before you trust it.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)
A word that looks like an English word but means something else: ropa looks like rope but means clothes; sopa looks like soap but means soup. Check a false friend before you trust it.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)
familiaEnglish
The Roman household: parents, children, grandparents and the household's servants, everyone who lived and worked under the one roof.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
The Roman household: parents, children, grandparents and the household's servants, everyone who lived and worked under the one roof.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
fastiEnglish
Roman calendars, often carved in stone and posted in public, marking festivals, court days and anniversaries; the Fasti Praenestini in the picture study is a grand marble one.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
Roman calendars, often carved in stone and posted in public, marking festivals, court days and anniversaries; the Fasti Praenestini in the picture study is a grand marble one.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
feeling wordsEnglish
Contento (glad, content), triste (sad), cansado (tired), enfermo (sick). Adjectives that agree like all adjectives: cansado, cansada, cansados, cansadas.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
Contento (glad, content), triste (sad), cansado (tired), enfermo (sick). Adjectives that agree like all adjectives: cansado, cansada, cansados, cansadas.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
Félix María de SamaniegoEnglish
A Spanish poet from the Basque country (1745–1801) who retold Aesop's and La Fontaine's fables in lively Spanish verse for the boys of a school at Vergara. His Fábulas morales are still read in Spanish schools.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
A Spanish poet from the Basque country (1745–1801) who retold Aesop's and La Fontaine's fables in lively Spanish verse for the boys of a school at Vergara. His Fábulas morales are still read in Spanish schools.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
feminineEnglish
The 'she' box. The -a words lean feminine: puella, regina, filia.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
The 'she' box. The -a words lean feminine: puella, regina, filia.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
feminine articleEnglish
The badge ἡ (HAY) for one, αἱ (HIGH) for many: ἡ καρδία, αἱ καρδίαι.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
The badge ἡ (HAY) for one, αἱ (HIGH) for many: ἡ καρδία, αἱ καρδίαι.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
Ferdinand Magellan (Fernando de Magallanes)English
The Portuguese captain who led the expedition for the king of Spain, found the strait at the tip of South America and named the Pacific. He died in the Philippine islands and did not see home again.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
The Portuguese captain who led the expedition for the king of Spain, found the strait at the tip of South America and named the Pacific. He died in the Philippine islands and did not see home again.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
fifth declensionEnglish
The smallest noun family, declining on e: res, rei, rei, rem, re. Its stars are res (thing), dies (day), fides (faith) and spes (hope).
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
The smallest noun family, declining on e: res, rei, rei, rem, re. Its stars are res (thing), dies (day), fides (faith) and spes (hope).
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
first and lastEnglish
What alpha and omega ARE in the alphabet, and what Jesus says he IS to everything: the beginning and the ending.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
What alpha and omega ARE in the alphabet, and what Jesus says he IS to everything: the beginning and the ending.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
first conjugationEnglish
The family of verbs that run on the amo rails, with a as their favorite vowel: amo, specto, canto, laboro, porto.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
The family of verbs that run on the amo rails, with a as their favorite vowel: amo, specto, canto, laboro, porto.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
first declensionEnglish
The family of nouns that end in -a, like rosa, puella and stella. Family members all flip the same way: -a to -ae.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
The family of nouns that end in -a, like rosa, puella and stella. Family members all flip the same way: -a to -ae.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
flagship (la nave capitana)English
The ship that carries the commander of a fleet. Columbus sailed out in the Santa María and came home in the Niña.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
The ship that carries the commander of a fleet. Columbus sailed out in the Santa María and came home in the Niña.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
flashcard deckEnglish
Your growing box of word cards, Latin on the front and English on the back. It starts this week and grows all quarter.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
Your growing box of word cards, Latin on the front and English on the back. It starts this week and grows all quarter.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
ForumEnglish
The open square at the heart of Rome where laws were read, speeches were made, business was done, and Latin filled the air every day.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
The open square at the heart of Rome where laws were read, speeches were made, business was done, and Latin filled the air every day.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
fourth conjugationEnglish
The -ire verb family: audio, audire. Its badge is a long, stressed i: au-DI-re. In the present it keeps its i everywhere: audio, audis... audiunt.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
The -ire verb family: audio, audire. Its badge is a long, stressed i: au-DI-re. In the present it keeps its i everywhere: audio, audis... audiunt.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
fourth declensionEnglish
The noun family that declines on u: senatus, senatus, senatui, senatum, senatu. Model noun senatus; most members are masculine, but manus (hand) is feminine.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
The noun family that declines on u: senatus, senatus, senatui, senatum, senatu. Model noun senatus; most members are masculine, but manus (hand) is feminine.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
friezeEnglish
A band of carved relief running around a building. The Parthenon's frieze showed Athens' great festival procession, over 500 figures long.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
A band of carved relief running around a building. The Parthenon's frieze showed Athens' great festival procession, over 500 figures long.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
future of sumEnglish
The will-be-row: ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt: I will be, you will be, he/she/it will be, we will be, you all will be, they will be.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
The will-be-row: ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt: I will be, you will be, he/she/it will be, we will be, you all will be, they will be.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
G
galaxyEnglish
From γάλα, milk: the Greeks saw a river of milk across the night sky. Galaxy and Milky Way are the same name in two languages.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
From γάλα, milk: the Greeks saw a river of milk across the night sky. Galaxy and Milky Way are the same name in two languages.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
galeaEnglish
The helmet, a first-declension noun: galea salutis, the helmet of salvation.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
The helmet, a first-declension noun: galea salutis, the helmet of salvation.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
genderEnglish
Latin's way of sorting every noun into one of three boxes: masculine, feminine or neuter. Every noun lives in exactly one box.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6) · +1 more
Latin's way of sorting every noun into one of three boxes: masculine, feminine or neuter. Every noun lives in exactly one box.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6) · +1 more
gender (of nouns)English
Greek sorts every noun into a team: masculine (badge ὁ), feminine (badge ἡ), or neuter (badge τό, coming in grade 6). It is a grammar team, not a claim about the thing itself.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
Greek sorts every noun into a team: masculine (badge ὁ), feminine (badge ἡ), or neuter (badge τό, coming in grade 6). It is a grammar team, not a claim about the thing itself.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
genitiveEnglish
The of-case: owning and belonging. τῆς φωνῆς, of the voice.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5) · Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
The of-case: owning and belonging. τῆς φωνῆς, of the voice.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5) · Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
genitive of belongingEnglish
The of-case used for family and ownership: Ἡγησὼ Προξένου, Hegeso, (daughter) of Proxenos. Monuments are full of it.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
The of-case used for family and ownership: Ἡγησὼ Προξένου, Hegeso, (daughter) of Proxenos. Monuments are full of it.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
genitive of possessionEnglish
The of-case doing its favorite job: naming the owner. ὁ ἵππος τοῦ τέκνου, the child's horse.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6) · Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
The of-case doing its favorite job: naming the owner. ὁ ἵππος τοῦ τέκνου, the child's horse.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6) · Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
genitive pluralEnglish
The of-them case: -arum in the first declension. Fama puellarum, the fame of the girls.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
The of-them case: -arum in the first declension. Fama puellarum, the fame of the girls.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
giving verbEnglish
A verb that likes a dative alongside its accusative: dono (I give), nuntio (I announce), monstro (I show), and your old friend narro (I tell).
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
A verb that likes a dative alongside its accusative: dono (I give), nuntio (I announce), monstro (I show), and your old friend narro (I tell).
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
gladius SpiritusEnglish
The sword of the Spirit, 'which is the word of God.' Spiritus here is a genitive from the fourth declension, another loan word to greet and wave at.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
The sword of the Spirit, 'which is the word of God.' Spiritus here is a genitive from the fourth declension, another loan word to greet and wave at.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
glossEnglish
A little translation written beside a hard word. You will read Homer's first line glossed word by word, understood whole and never parsed.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7) · Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7) · Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8) · +3 more
A little translation written beside a hard word. You will read Homer's first line glossed word by word, understood whole and never parsed.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7) · Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7) · Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8) · +3 more
gracias (GRAH-syahs)English
Thank you. A cousin of our English word grace.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
Thank you. A cousin of our English word grace.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
grain fleetEnglish
The ships that carried wheat from Egypt and North Africa to feed Rome; the city could not feed itself without them.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
The ships that carried wheat from Egypt and North Africa to feed Rome; the city could not feed itself without them.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
grammarEnglish
The written-down rules of a language: how its words change and how its sentences are built. Nebrija wrote the first grammar of Spanish in 1492.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)
The written-down rules of a language: how its words change and how its sentences are built. Nebrija wrote the first grammar of Spanish in 1492.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)
graveEnglish
The accent that leans backward ( ` ). It appears only on a word's last syllable inside a sentence, an acute that relaxed because another word follows. Read it exactly like an acute: stress.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
The accent that leans backward ( ` ). It appears only on a word's last syllable inside a sentence, an acute that relaxed because another word follows. Read it exactly like an acute: stress.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
GreekEnglish
The language of Greece, spoken and written for about three thousand years. The New Testament was first written in it.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
The language of Greece, spoken and written for about three thousand years. The New Testament was first written in it.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
Greek question markEnglish
The mark ; at the end of a Greek question. It looks exactly like our semicolon; in Greek it means a question is being asked.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
The mark ; at the end of a Greek question. It looks exactly like our semicolon; in Greek it means a question is being asked.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
Gregorian chantEnglish
The old unaccompanied church melody, named for Gregory the Great; the tune the Pater Noster has worn for over a thousand years.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
The old unaccompanied church melody, named for Gregory the Great; the tune the Pater Noster has worn for over a thousand years.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
guardarEnglish
To keep, to put away, to store, a regular -ar verb: la hormiga guardó comida, the ant stored food. English guard and ward are cousins.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
To keep, to put away, to store, a regular -ar verb: la hormiga guardó comida, the ant stored food. English guard and ward are cousins.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
gustarEnglish
To please, to be pleasing. Spanish says what you like by saying what pleases you: me gusta el mar, the sea pleases me. From Latin gustare, to taste; English cousins: gusto, disgust.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
To please, to be pleasing. Spanish says what you like by saying what pleases you: me gusta el mar, the sea pleases me. From Latin gustare, to taste; English cousins: gusto, disgust.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
H
habeas corpusEnglish
'You shall have the body': the ancient writ ordering a jailer to produce a prisoner before a judge, so no one can be held in secret. Habeas is a subjunctive of habeo, the law's mood again.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
'You shall have the body': the ancient writ ordering a jailer to produce a prisoner before a judge, so no one can be held in secret. Habeas is a subjunctive of habeo, the law's mood again.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
haceEnglish
It makes. Spanish's weather word: hace sol (it makes sun, it is sunny), hace frío (it is cold), hace calor (it is hot). Its h is silent: AH-seh.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
It makes. Spanish's weather word: hace sol (it makes sun, it is sunny), hace frío (it is cold), hace calor (it is hot). Its h is silent: AH-seh.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
Hagia SophiaEnglish
English's spelling of Ἁγία Σοφία, 'Holy Wisdom,' Justinian's great domed church. Its English H comes from a Greek breathing mark.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
English's spelling of Ἁγία Σοφία, 'Holy Wisdom,' Justinian's great domed church. Its English H comes from a Greek breathing mark.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
harenaEnglish
Sand, and so the sand-floored arena itself: our word arena is this word. In harena, in the arena.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
Sand, and so the sand-floored arena itself: our word arena is this word. In harena, in the arena.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
having-sayingsEnglish
Spanish expressions built on tener where English uses to be: tengo doce años (I am twelve), tengo hambre (I am hungry), tengo sed (I am thirsty).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
Spanish expressions built on tener where English uses to be: tengo doce años (I am twelve), tengo hambre (I am hungry), tengo sed (I am thirsty).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
Hellenistic worldEnglish
The Greek-speaking world Alexander left behind, from Egypt to Persia. 'Hellas' is Greece's own name for itself.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
The Greek-speaking world Alexander left behind, from Egypt to Persia. 'Hellas' is Greece's own name for itself.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
helper wordsEnglish
The tiny connecting words a story needs: y (and), con (with), a (to), en (in, at), de (of, from). You borrow them freely today; they are glossed beside the story.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
The tiny connecting words a story needs: y (and), con (with), a (to), en (in, at), de (of, from). You borrow them freely today; they are glossed beside the story.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
heraldEnglish
A king's official messenger, protected by custom even between enemies. Persia's heralds carried the demand for earth and water.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
A king's official messenger, protected by custom even between enemies. Persia's heralds carried the demand for earth and water.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
hic and illeEnglish
The pointing words: hic, haec, hoc, this one here; ille, illa, illud, that one there. This year you use their nominative row only.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
The pointing words: hic, haec, hoc, this one here; ille, illa, illud, that one there. This year you use their nominative row only.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
HispaniaEnglish
Rome's name for the land that became Spain and Portugal. The soldiers and farmers who settled there spoke the everyday Latin that slowly turned into Spanish.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
Rome's name for the land that became Spain and Portugal. The soldiers and farmers who settled there spoke the everyday Latin that slowly turned into Spanish.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
hola (OH-lah)English
Hello. You can say it to anyone, any time of day. The h is silent, so it sounds like OH-lah.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
Hello. You can say it to anyone, any time of day. The h is silent, so it sounds like OH-lah.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
hoyEnglish
Today (said oy, the h silent). Hoy es lunes: today is Monday. ¿Qué día es hoy? What day is today?
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
Today (said oy, the h silent). Hoy es lunes: today is Monday. ¿Qué día es hoy? What day is today?
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
humanistEnglish
In Erasmus's century, a scholar of the ancient languages and texts; many, like Erasmus, aimed their scholarship at Scripture.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
In Erasmus's century, a scholar of the ancient languages and texts; many, like Erasmus, aimed their scholarship at Scripture.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
I
IC XCEnglish
The old Greek abbreviation of Ἰησοῦς Χριστός: first and last letters of each word, written beside Christ's head in mosaics and icons.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
The old Greek abbreviation of Ἰησοῦς Χριστός: first and last letters of each word, written beside Christ's head in mosaics and icons.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
idolEnglish
A made-up god, whether carved in marble or told in a story. Scripture's verdict on the gods of Olympus, delivered gently by Paul and firmly by this course.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
A made-up god, whether carved in marble or told in a story. Scripture's verdict on the gods of Olympus, delivered gently by Paul and firmly by this course.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
imperative (sight)English
The command form of a verb. This course meets it only in real quotations: ἄειδε, sing! You recognize it; you do not build it.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
The command form of a verb. This course meets it only in real quotations: ἄειδε, sing! You recognize it; you do not build it.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
imperfect in -iebamEnglish
The fourth conjugation's was-doing tense keeps the i before the badge: audiebam, I was hearing; veniebat, he was coming.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
The fourth conjugation's was-doing tense keeps the i before the badge: audiebam, I was hearing; veniebat, he was coming.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
imperfect of εἰμίEnglish
The was-chant: ἤμην I was, ἦς you were, ἦν he/she/it was, ἦμεν we were, ἦτε you all were, ἦσαν they were.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
The was-chant: ἤμην I was, ἦς you were, ἦν he/she/it was, ἦμεν we were, ἦτε you all were, ἦσαν they were.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
imperfect of sumEnglish
The was-row: eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant: I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, you all were, they were.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
The was-row: eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant: I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, you all were, they were.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
imperfect tenseEnglish
The was-doing tense: past action that kept going. ἔγραφον, I was writing, I kept writing, I used to write.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6) · Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6) · Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
The was-doing tense: past action that kept going. ἔγραφον, I was writing, I kept writing, I used to write.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6) · Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6) · Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
imperfect vs. perfectEnglish
The movie and the snapshot: cantabat, she was singing (scene rolling); cantavit, she sang (event, done). Real Latin stories use both, side by side.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
The movie and the snapshot: cantabat, she was singing (scene rolling); cantavit, she sang (event, done). Real Latin stories use both, side by side.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
impostorEnglish
A word that only looks like it contains a Latin root: lunch looks a little like luna, but it has nothing to do with the moon.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
A word that only looks like it contains a Latin root: lunch looks a little like luna, but it has nothing to do with the moon.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
inscription labelEnglish
A name written beside a painted figure, telling the viewer who it is: the ancient world's caption.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
A name written beside a painted figure, telling the viewer who it is: the ancient world's caption.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
insulaEnglish
Island: land with water all around it. You can hear it hiding in the English word peninsula, an almost-island.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
Island: land with water all around it. You can hear it hiding in the English word peninsula, an almost-island.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
interlinearEnglish
A text with its translation written between the lines, word under word. Your Genesis Scroll is an interlinear you make yourself.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
A text with its translation written between the lines, word under word. Your Genesis Scroll is an interlinear you make yourself.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
iota (ι)English
The ninth and SMALLEST Greek letter: capital Ι, small ι, a little dash. It says i as in bit (sometimes ee as in machine). In English, a jot.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
The ninth and SMALLEST Greek letter: capital Ι, small ι, a little dash. It says i as in bit (sometimes ee as in machine). In English, a jot.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
ir a + infinitiveEnglish
The everyday Spanish future: a form of ir, then a, then the infinitive. Voy a caminar: I am going to walk.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
The everyday Spanish future: a form of ir, then a, then the infinitive. Voy a caminar: I am going to walk.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
-ir verbEnglish
A verb whose infinitive ends in -ir: vivir, escribir, abrir, subir. The third of Spanish's three verb families.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)
A verb whose infinitive ends in -ir: vivir, escribir, abrir, subir. The third of Spanish's three verb families.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)
irregularEnglish
Breaking the regular pattern. Tener breaks it twice: the yo form grows a g (tengo), and the stem's e becomes ie in three forms (tienes, tiene, tienen).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
Breaking the regular pattern. Tener breaks it twice: the yo form grows a g (tengo), and the stem's e becomes ie in three forms (tienes, tiene, tienen).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
irregular comparisonEnglish
The ladders that change wood halfway up, in Latin as in English: bonus, melior, optimus (good, better, best); magnus, maior, maximus; parvus, minor, minimus.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
The ladders that change wood halfway up, in Latin as in English: bonus, melior, optimus (good, better, best); magnus, maior, maximus; parvus, minor, minimus.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
is, ea, idEnglish
Latin's he, she and it. Object forms: eum him, eam her, id it. Latin uses them only when the verb ending is not enough.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
Latin's he, she and it. Object forms: eum him, eam her, id it. Latin uses them only when the verb ending is not enough.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
i-stemEnglish
A small third-declension clan (navis, urbs, civis) that keeps an extra i in the genitive plural: navium, urbium, civium. You learn to recognize them; the drilling stays light this year.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
A small third-declension clan (navis, urbs, civis) that keeps an extra i in the genitive plural: navium, urbium, civium. You learn to recognize them; the drilling stays light this year.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
iustitiaEnglish
Justice, righteousness: a first-declension noun whose genitive, iustitiae, you can parse with endings you own. English justice is its child.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
Justice, righteousness: a first-declension noun whose genitive, iustitiae, you can parse with endings you own. English justice is its child.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
J
JanusEnglish
The Roman doorkeeper god with two faces, one looking back and one looking forward. January, the year's doorway, wears his name. (A story the Romans told, not the truth about God.)
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
The Roman doorkeeper god with two faces, one looking back and one looking forward. January, the year's doorway, wears his name. (A story the Romans told, not the truth about God.)
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
JehováEnglish
The Reina-Valera's way of writing God's personal name, the name the King James Version prints as the LORD in small capitals. Jehová es mi pastor: The LORD is my shepherd.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
The Reina-Valera's way of writing God's personal name, the name the King James Version prints as the LORD in small capitals. Jehová es mi pastor: The LORD is my shepherd.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
Joaquín SorollaEnglish
The painter of Valencia (1863–1923), famous for the bright light of his beach paintings. You met him in Grade 5, by the sea.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
The painter of Valencia (1863–1923), famous for the bright light of his beach paintings. You met him in Grade 5, by the sea.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
Joaquín Sorolla (hwah-KEEN soh-ROH-yah)English
A Spanish painter famous for sunlight and bright color, who planted a flower garden at his house in Madrid and painted it many times.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
A Spanish painter famous for sunlight and bright color, who planted a flower garden at his house in Madrid and painted it many times.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
jotEnglish
The old English word for iota, straight out of Matthew 5:18: not one jot shall pass from God's law. The tiniest letter, guaranteed forever.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
The old English word for iota, straight out of Matthew 5:18: not one jot shall pass from God's law. The tiniest letter, guaranteed forever.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
Juan de la CosaEnglish
Columbus's pilot and the owner of the Santa María, who in the year 1500 drew the first map in the world to show the Americas.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
Columbus's pilot and the owner of the Santa María, who in the year 1500 drew the first map in the world to show the Americas.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
Juan Sebastián ElcanoEnglish
The Basque sea captain who brought the Victoria home to Spain in 1522, the first commander to complete a voyage around the world.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
The Basque sea captain who brought the Victoria home to Spain in 1522, the first commander to complete a voyage around the world.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
K
keraiaEnglish
The tick mark ( ´ ) that tells you a letter is counting, not spelling: β is beta, but β´ is 2.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
The tick mark ( ´ ) that tells you a letter is counting, not spelling: β is beta, but β´ is 2.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
keywordEnglish
An English word that locks a sound into memory: οι as in oil, αυ as in now. One keyword per diphthong and the set is yours.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
An English word that locks a sound into memory: οι as in oil, αυ as in now. One keyword per diphthong and the set is yours.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
koineEnglish
Greek for 'common.' The everyday shared Greek spoken across Alexander's old empire, and the Greek of the New Testament.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8) · Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
Greek for 'common.' The everyday shared Greek spoken across Alexander's old empire, and the Greek of the New Testament.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8) · Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
L
la Biblia dice así (lah BEE-blyah DEE-seh ah-SEE)English
The Bible says so: the last line of the chorus.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
The Bible says so: the last line of the chorus.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
la campanaEnglish
A bell, especially the great bell of a church, monastery or mission. A campanario is a bell tower; English borrowed campanile from Italian.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
A bell, especially the great bell of a church, monastery or mission. A campanario is a bell tower; English borrowed campanile from Italian.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
la cartaEnglish
The letter: the kind you write and mail. (A letter of the alphabet is una letra.) The English word chart is its cousin, from Latin charta, a sheet of paper.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
The letter: the kind you write and mail. (A letter of the alphabet is una letra.) The English word chart is its cousin, from Latin charta, a sheet of paper.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
la cigarraEnglish
The cicada, the insect that buzzes loudly in the summer trees. Aesop's and Samaniego's singer is a cicada; English retellings usually turn her into a grasshopper.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
The cicada, the insect that buzzes loudly in the summer trees. Aesop's and Samaniego's singer is a cicada; English retellings usually turn her into a grasshopper.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
la ciudadEnglish
The city, cousin of English city through Latin civitas. Its -dad ending is your old friend from the -ty bridge.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
The city, cousin of English city through Latin civitas. Its -dad ending is your old friend from the -ty bridge.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
la comidaEnglish
Food, or a meal. It grows straight out of the verb comer: la comida is what you eat.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
Food, or a meal. It grows straight out of the verb comer: la comida is what you eat.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
la fábulaEnglish
A fable: a short story, usually about animals, that teaches a lesson. From Latin fabula, a story, a tale, the word the Latin student already knows.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
A fable: a short story, usually about animals, that teaches a lesson. From Latin fabula, a story, a tale, the word the Latin student already knows.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
la fechaEnglish
The date: day, then month (lowercase), then year, joined by de: 11 de octubre de 2026.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
The date: day, then month (lowercase), then year, joined by de: 11 de octubre de 2026.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
la fruta, la sopa (lah FROO-tah, lah SOH-pah)English
The fruit, the soup. Careful: sopa looks like soap, but it is soup!
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
The fruit, the soup. Careful: sopa looks like soap, but it is soup!
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
la gallina ciega (lah gah-YEE-nah SYEH-gah)English
The blind hen: the Spanish name for the game we call blind man's buff, where one blindfolded player tries to catch the others.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
The blind hen: the Spanish name for the game we call blind man's buff, where one blindfolded player tries to catch the others.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
La Giralda (lah hee-RAHL-dah)English
The great bell tower of the cathedral of Seville, in the south of Spain, more than eight hundred years old. Its name comes from girar, to turn, because of the turning statue on its top.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
The great bell tower of the cathedral of Seville, in the south of Spain, more than eight hundred years old. Its name comes from girar, to turn, because of the turning statue on its top.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
la historiaEnglish
Both history and story. Spanish uses one word for both, and that is no accident: history is the true story of what happened.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
Both history and story. Spanish uses one word for both, and that is no accident: history is the true story of what happened.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
la horaEnglish
The hour, or the time of day. ¿Qué hora es? is literally what hour is it? Because hora is a la word, times use la and las: la una, las dos.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
The hour, or the time of day. ¿Qué hora es? is literally what hour is it? Because hora is a la word, times use la and las: la una, las dos.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
la hormigaEnglish
The ant. Proverbs 6:6 sends the lazy to learn from her: Ve a la hormiga, oh perezoso.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
The ant. Proverbs 6:6 sends the lazy to learn from her: Ve a la hormiga, oh perezoso.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
la infantaEnglish
A princess of Spain, a daughter of the king. The infanta Margarita, five years old, stands at the center of Las Meninas.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
A princess of Spain, a daughter of the king. The infanta Margarita, five years old, stands at the center of Las Meninas.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
la lenguaEnglish
The tongue, and so the language: la lengua española. Spanish also says el idioma for a language; both are correct.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
The tongue, and so the language: la lengua española. Spanish also says el idioma for a language; both are correct.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
la madre, mamá (lah MAH-dreh, mah-MAH)English
The mother; mom. Mamá leans on the last part and always wears its accent mark.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
The mother; mom. Mamá leans on the last part and always wears its accent mark.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
la mañana, la tarde, la nocheEnglish
The morning; the afternoon and early evening, until dark; the night. La noche is an old friend from Grade 5.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
The morning; the afternoon and early evening, until dark; the night. La noche is an old friend from Grade 5.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
la ManchaEnglish
The wide, dry, high plain of central Spain, south of Madrid: wheat fields, vineyards, sheep and windmills. Don Quixote is el Quijote de la Mancha, Quixote of La Mancha.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
The wide, dry, high plain of central Spain, south of Madrid: wheat fields, vineyards, sheep and windmills. Don Quixote is el Quijote de la Mancha, Quixote of La Mancha.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
la manoEnglish
The hand: a la word that ends in -o, one of the few rule-breakers like el día. Dar la mano, to give the hand, is how Spanish says to shake hands.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
The hand: a la word that ends in -o, one of the few rule-breakers like el día. Dar la mano, to give the hand, is how Spanish says to shake hands.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
la mesa (lah MEH-sah)English
The table, where the family gathers to eat.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
The table, where the family gathers to eat.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
la moralejaEnglish
The moral: the lesson a fable teaches, often stated at the end. Spanish has a special word for a fable's moral, built on moral.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
The moral: the lesson a fable teaches, often stated at the end. Spanish has a special word for a fable's moral, built on moral.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
la noche de fábulasEnglish
Fable night: this quarter's family finale, with both fables read aloud, the morals in two languages, Samaniego recited and medals awarded.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
Fable night: this quarter's family finale, with both fables read aloud, the morals in two languages, Samaniego recited and medals awarded.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
la playaEnglish
The beach. Sorolla painted the beaches of Valencia, on Spain's Mediterranean coast, all his life.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
The beach. Sorolla painted the beaches of Valencia, on Spain's Mediterranean coast, all his life.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
la sobremesaEnglish
The Spanish custom of lingering at the table after a meal to talk, sometimes for an hour or more. Literally over-the-table. English has no word for it, because English speakers usually get up.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
The Spanish custom of lingering at the table after a meal to talk, sometimes for an hour or more. Literally over-the-table. English has no word for it, because English speakers usually get up.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
La Tarde de CuentosEnglish
The story afternoon: this quarter's family finale, when the student reads the whole rancho story aloud and asks the family questions in Spanish.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
The story afternoon: this quarter's family finale, when the student reads the whole rancho story aloud and asks the family questions in Spanish.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
la tortilla españolaEnglish
Spain's potato omelet: eggs, potatoes, olive oil and salt, cooked into a thick golden round and served in wedges. In Mexico, una tortilla is something else entirely: the flat corn or flour bread.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
Spain's potato omelet: eggs, potatoes, olive oil and salt, cooked into a thick golden round and served in wedges. In Mexico, una tortilla is something else entirely: the flat corn or flour bread.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
la veladaEnglish
An evening gathering: a soirée of music, reading and conversation. From velar, to stay awake, keep watch, the same Latin root (vigilare) as English vigil.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
An evening gathering: a soirée of music, reading and conversation. From velar, to stay awake, keep watch, the same Latin root (vigilare) as English vigil.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
la vendimiaEnglish
The grape harvest, in Spain usually in September and October, when the ripe grapes are cut, gathered in baskets and carried in from the vineyards.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
The grape harvest, in Spain usually in September and October, when the ripe grapes are cut, gathered in baskets and carried in from the vineyards.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
la zorra, el zorroEnglish
The fox. La zorra is the she-fox (the vixen), and in Spanish fables the fox is usually la zorra; el zorro is the he-fox, the name of the masked hero of old California stories.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
The fox. La zorra is the she-fox (the vixen), and in Spanish fables the fox is usually la zorra; el zorro is the he-fox, the name of the masked hero of old California stories.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
las aguasEnglish
The waters. El agua is a la word wearing el in the singular (because it begins with a stressed a), but in the plural the la family shows: las aguas, aguas de reposo, still waters.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
The waters. El agua is a la word wearing el in the singular (because it begins with a stressed a), but in the plural the la family shows: las aguas, aguas de reposo, still waters.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
las deudasEnglish
Debts: what we owe. In the prayer, the wrongs we owe God forgiveness for. Los deudores are debtors, those who owe us.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
Debts: what we owe. In the prayer, the wrongs we owe God forgiveness for. Los deudores are debtors, those who owe us.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
las doce uvasEnglish
The twelve grapes: the Spanish new year custom of eating one grape at each of the twelve strokes of midnight, one for each month of the year ahead.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
The twelve grapes: the Spanish new year custom of eating one grape at each of the twelve strokes of midnight, one for each month of the year ahead.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
las estacionesEnglish
The seasons: la primavera (spring), el verano (summer), el otoño (autumn), el invierno (winter).
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
The seasons: la primavera (spring), el verano (summer), el otoño (autumn), el invierno (winter).
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
Las lanzasEnglish
The lances: the Spanish nickname for Velázquez's Surrender of Breda, after the forest of upright lances on the right side of the painting.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
The lances: the Spanish nickname for Velázquez's Surrender of Breda, after the forest of upright lances on the right side of the painting.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
Las MeninasEnglish
The Maids of Honor, Velázquez's great painting of 1656, named for the two young ladies who wait on the little princess.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
The Maids of Honor, Velázquez's great painting of 1656, named for the two young ladies who wait on the little princess.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
las uvasEnglish
The grapes. Una uva, one grape; las uvas, grapes.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
The grapes. Una uva, one grape; las uvas, grapes.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
LatinEnglish
The language of ancient Rome. Romans spoke it at home, in the street and in the market, and English still uses hundreds of its words.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
The language of ancient Rome. Romans spoke it at home, in the street and in the market, and English still uses hundreds of its words.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
law codeEnglish
A city's rules written out in order for everyone to see. Gortyn's was carved into a public wall: law you could walk up and read.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)
A city's rules written out in order for everyone to see. Gortyn's was carved into a public wall: law you could walk up and read.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)
leap dayEnglish
The extra day added every fourth year, Caesar's device (on Sosigenes's advice) to keep the 365-day calendar in step with the sun's 365¼-day year.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
The extra day added every fourth year, Caesar's device (on Sosigenes's advice) to keep the 365-day calendar in step with the sun's 365¼-day year.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
leftover numbersEnglish
September, October, November, December: Latin for seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, left over from when the Roman year began in March.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
September, October, November, December: Latin for seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, left over from when the Roman year began in March.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
legionaryEnglish
A soldier of a Roman legion: part fighter, part builder, part road engineer, trained to march, dig and build in formation.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)
A soldier of a Roman legion: part fighter, part builder, part road engineer, trained to march, dig and build in formation.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)
letter-chemistryEnglish
What happens when σ glues onto certain consonants: π, β and φ fuse with σ into ψ; κ, γ and χ fuse with σ into ξ. γράφω gives γράψω; ἄγω gives ἄξω.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
What happens when σ glues onto certain consonants: π, β and φ fuse with σ into ψ; κ, γ and χ fuse with σ into ξ. γράφω gives γράψω; ἄγω gives ἄξω.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
lex terraeEnglish
The law of the land: lex with the genitive of terra. Still a working phrase in English and American law.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
The law of the land: lex with the genitive of terra. Still a working phrase in English and American law.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
ligatureEnglish
Two or more letters tied into one shape by early Greek printers copying handwriting. Erasmus's pages are full of them; your Printer's Page may politely decline.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
Two or more letters tied into one shape by early Greek printers copying handwriting. Erasmus's pages are full of them; your Printer's Page may politely decline.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
linking vowelEnglish
The small vowel the third conjugation slips between stem and ending: reg-i-s, reg-i-t, reg-i-mus, reg-i-tis, and u in reg-u-nt.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
The small vowel the third conjugation slips between stem and ending: reg-i-s, reg-i-t, reg-i-mus, reg-i-tis, and u in reg-u-nt.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
llueve and nievaEnglish
It rains and it snows. Each one is a complete sentence all by itself, with no hace in front.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
It rains and it snows. Each one is a complete sentence all by itself, with no hace in front.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
long vowelEnglish
A vowel held a little longer: a as in father, e like ay, i like ee, o as in hope, u like oo. Some books mark long vowels with a small line called a macron (ā).
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
A vowel held a little longer: a as in father, e like ay, i like ee, o as in hope, u like oo. Some books mark long vowels with a small line called a macron (ā).
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
loricaEnglish
The breastplate; the segmented legionary cuirass in the picture study is a lorica segmentata. Paul's phrase: lorica iustitiae, the breastplate of righteousness.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
The breastplate; the segmented legionary cuirass in the picture study is a lorica segmentata. Paul's phrase: lorica iustitiae, the breastplate of righteousness.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
los and lasEnglish
The plural hats: el becomes los, la becomes las. Los perros, las mesas.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
The plural hats: el becomes los, la becomes las. Los perros, las mesas.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
los cielosEnglish
The heavens. El cielo is both the sky and heaven: the same word for the blue above and for God's home.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
The heavens. El cielo is both the sky and heaven: the same word for the blue above and for God's home.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
los días de la semanaEnglish
The days of the week: lunes, martes, miércoles, jueves, viernes, sábado, domingo. A Spanish week begins with lunes.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
The days of the week: lunes, martes, miércoles, jueves, viernes, sábado, domingo. A Spanish week begins with lunes.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
los huevos (lohs WEH-bohs)English
The eggs. The h is quiet and the v is soft: WEH-bohs.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
The eggs. The h is quiet and the v is soft: WEH-bohs.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
los meses del añoEnglish
The months of the year: enero, febrero, marzo, abril, mayo, junio, julio, agosto, septiembre, octubre, noviembre, diciembre.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
The months of the year: enero, febrero, marzo, abril, mayo, junio, julio, agosto, septiembre, octubre, noviembre, diciembre.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
los pastosEnglish
The pastures, the green grass where sheep graze. Pasto, pastor and the verb pastorear (to shepherd) all grow from one Latin root about feeding.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
The pastures, the green grass where sheep graze. Pasto, pastor and the verb pastorear (to shepherd) all grow from one Latin root about feeding.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
ludusEnglish
The Roman word for an elementary school, and also the word for a game. Romans used one word for both.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
The Roman word for an elementary school, and also the word for a game. Romans used one word for both.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
M
magisterEnglish
The schoolmaster or teacher. Our word magistrate and the title 'master' come from it.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
The schoolmaster or teacher. Our word magistrate and the title 'master' come from it.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
mañanaEnglish
Tomorrow. Mañana es martes: tomorrow is Tuesday. With la in front, la mañana means the morning.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4) · Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
Tomorrow. Mañana es martes: tomorrow is Tuesday. With la in front, la mañana means the morning.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4) · Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
Marcus ManliusEnglish
The Roman soldier the geese woke. He reached the cliff edge first and held it until the other defenders came.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
The Roman soldier the geese woke. He reached the cliff edge first and held it until the other defenders came.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
masculineEnglish
The 'he' box. The -us words lean masculine: dominus, equus, filius.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
The 'he' box. The -us words lean masculine: dominus, equus, filius.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
master chartEnglish
All four conjugations side by side, present and imperfect, on one poster: amo, moneo, rego, audio. The single most useful page a Latin student owns.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
All four conjugations side by side, present and imperfect, on one poster: amo, moneo, rego, audio. The single most useful page a Latin student owns.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
me gustaEnglish
I like. Word for word: it pleases me. Me gusta el chocolate: chocolate pleases me, I like chocolate.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
I like. Word for word: it pleases me. Me gusta el chocolate: chocolate pleases me, I like chocolate.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
me llamo (meh YAH-moh)English
My name is... (it really means I call myself). Spanish ll sounds like y. To ask someone's name, say ¿Cómo te llamas? (KOH-moh teh YAH-mahs).
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
My name is... (it really means I call myself). Spanish ll sounds like y. To ask someone's name, say ¿Cómo te llamas? (KOH-moh teh YAH-mahs).
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
me, te, le (with gustar)English
To me, to you, to him, her or usted: the person who is pleased. Me gusta, it pleases me; te gusta, it pleases you; le gusta, it pleases him or her.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
To me, to you, to him, her or usted: the person who is pleased. Me gusta, it pleases me; te gusta, it pleases you; le gusta, it pleases him or her.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
medicusEnglish
A doctor: what Rome called Androclus, the lion's doctor. English medicine is its child.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
A doctor: what Rome called Androclus, the lion's doctor. English medicine is its child.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
mensaEnglish
Table. The first noun in a thousand years of Latin schoolbooks, and now the first table word on your own place cards.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
Table. The first noun in a thousand years of Latin schoolbooks, and now the first table word on your own place cards.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
mercadoEnglish
Market: the stalls of fruit, bread and flowers that have filled plazas on market mornings for centuries.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
Market: the stalls of fruit, bread and flowers that have filled plazas on market mornings for centuries.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
mercyEnglish
Kindness to someone who cannot earn it: help for the helpless. What the blind men asked for, and got.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
Kindness to someone who cannot earn it: help for the helpless. What the blind men asked for, and got.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
Mi casa es su casaEnglish
My house is your house: the courtesy a Spanish-speaking host offers a guest, meaning while you are here, what is mine is yours.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
My house is your house: the courtesy a Spanish-speaking host offers a guest, meaning while you are here, what is mine is yours.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
mi cumpleañosEnglish
My birthday. Cumpleaños is built from cumple (completes) and años (years): the day you complete another year.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
My birthday. Cumpleaños is built from cumple (completes) and años (years): the day you complete another year.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
micro (μικρός)English
Greek for small. The Greek word is μικρός (mik-ROSS). A microscope is a small-looker: it looks at small things.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
Greek for small. The Greek word is μικρός (mik-ROSS). A microscope is a small-looker: it looks at small things.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
misiónEnglish
A mission: a church settlement. The Spanish missions of California, a day's walk apart along the Camino Real, left their Spanish names across the American map.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5)
A mission: a church settlement. The Spanish missions of California, a day's walk apart along the Camino Real, left their Spanish names across the American map.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5)
missionEnglish
A church and settlement founded by Spanish friars in the Americas to teach the Christian faith, often with farms, workshops and a school around it.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
A church and settlement founded by Spanish friars in the Americas to teach the Christian faith, often with farms, workshops and a school around it.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
molinilloEnglish
A carved wooden whisk, spun between the palms to beat hot chocolate into foam. You can see one standing in the pot in this lesson's painting.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
A carved wooden whisk, spun between the palms to beat hot chocolate into foam. You can see one standing in the pot in this lesson's painting.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
Monumentum AncyranumEnglish
The copy of the Res Gestae carved on the temple of Rome and Augustus at Ancyra (Ankara), the most complete to survive; scholars call the text the queen of Latin inscriptions.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
The copy of the Res Gestae carved on the temple of Rome and Augustus at Ancyra (Ankara), the most complete to survive; scholars call the text the queen of Latin inscriptions.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
morado (moh-RAH-doh)English
Purple, the color of a blackberry (mora). The r in the middle is a quick tap.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
Purple, the color of a blackberry (mora). The r in the middle is a quick tap.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
mucho gusto / igualmenteEnglish
Pleased to meet you (literally, much pleasure) and likewise. The two halves of every introduction in the Spanish-speaking world.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
Pleased to meet you (literally, much pleasure) and likewise. The two halves of every introduction in the Spanish-speaking world.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
N
ñ (EH-nyeh)English
The letter n wearing a wavy hat. It says ny, like the middle of canyon. Años must always wear its hat.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
The letter n wearing a wavy hat. It says ny, like the middle of canyon. Años must always wear its hat.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
ñ (eñe)English
The letter n wearing a little hat called a tilde. It says ny, as in señor (seh-NYOR). It is a real letter of the Spanish alphabet, with its own place in the dictionary.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
The letter n wearing a little hat called a tilde. It says ny, as in señor (seh-NYOR). It is a real letter of the Spanish alphabet, with its own place in the dictionary.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
nacerEnglish
To be born. Its past is regular: nací, naciste, nació, nacimos, nacieron. Mi abuela nació en 1950: my grandmother was born in 1950.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
To be born. Its past is regular: nací, naciste, nació, nacimos, nacieron. Mi abuela nació en 1950: my grandmother was born in 1950.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
Nada te turbeEnglish
Let nothing disturb you: the first words of the little poem Teresa of Ávila kept in her prayer book, sometimes called Saint Teresa's bookmark.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
Let nothing disturb you: the first words of the little poem Teresa of Ávila kept in her prayer book, sometimes called Saint Teresa's bookmark.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
NahuatlEnglish
The language of the Aztecs, still spoken by over a million people in Mexico. The first book printed in the Americas was in Nahuatl and Spanish side by side.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)
The language of the Aztecs, still spoken by over a million people in Mexico. The first book printed in the Americas was in Nahuatl and Spanish side by side.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)
nao (la nao)English
A larger, rounder, slower cargo ship. The Santa María was a nao, the biggest of the three and Columbus's flagship.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
A larger, rounder, slower cargo ship. The Santa María was a nao, the biggest of the three and Columbus's flagship.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
neuterEnglish
The third gender of Greek nouns, wearing the article τό. Neither ὁ-team nor ἡ-team: the τό-team.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4) · +3 more
The third gender of Greek nouns, wearing the article τό. Neither ὁ-team nor ἡ-team: the τό-team.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4) · +3 more
neuter ruleEnglish
In every neuter noun, the nominative and accusative are identical, singular (δῶρον) and plural (δῶρα). The namer and the object always match.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6) · Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
In every neuter noun, the nominative and accusative are identical, singular (δῶρον) and plural (δῶρα). The namer and the object always match.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6) · Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
nihilEnglish
Nothing, an indeclinable noun, the same in every case. Et nihil mihi deerit: and nothing shall be lacking to me. English keeps it in nil and annihilate.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
Nothing, an indeclinable noun, the same in every case. Et nihil mihi deerit: and nothing shall be lacking to me. English keeps it in nil and annihilate.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
no me gustaEnglish
I do not like. Put no in front: No me gusta el queso.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
I do not like. Put no in front: No me gusta el queso.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
nominativeEnglish
The naming case: the noun doing the verb. ὁ λόγος, οἱ λόγοι. The badge ὁ/οἱ (or ἡ/αἱ) marks it.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5) · +1 more
The naming case: the noun doing the verb. ὁ λόγος, οἱ λόγοι. The badge ὁ/οἱ (or ἡ/αἱ) marks it.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5) · +1 more
notae TironianaeEnglish
Tiro's shorthand signs, thousands of them, for catching speech at speaking speed. Medieval monks still learned them; the ampersand descends from his sign for et.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
Tiro's shorthand signs, thousands of them, for catching speech at speaking speed. Medieval monks still learned them; the ampersand descends from his sign for et.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
nu (ν)English
The thirteenth letter: capital Ν, small ν. It is the REAL n of Greek, though the small one looks like an English v. Remember: eta fakes n; nu IS n.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
The thirteenth letter: capital Ν, small ν. It is the REAL n of Greek, though the small one looks like an English v. Remember: eta fakes n; nu IS n.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
nucesEnglish
Nuts, the all-purpose Roman toy: marbles, game pieces and stakes. 'Giving up the nuts' was the Roman way of saying a child had grown up.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
Nuts, the all-purpose Roman toy: marbles, game pieces and stakes. 'Giving up the nuts' was the Roman way of saying a child had grown up.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
nuestroEnglish
Our, with four forms that agree with the thing owned: nuestro padre, nuestra madre, nuestros libros, nuestras casas.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
Our, with four forms that agree with the thing owned: nuestro padre, nuestra madre, nuestros libros, nuestras casas.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
numeralEnglish
A symbol that stands for a number. Greek numerals are letters wearing a little tick: α´ is 1, ι´ is 10, ρ´ is 100.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
A symbol that stands for a number. Greek numerals are letters wearing a little tick: α´ is 1, ι´ is 10, ρ´ is 100.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
O
ocho, nueve, diez (OH-choh, NWEH-beh, DYEHS)English
Eight, nine, ten. The v in nueve is soft, almost a b.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
Eight, nine, ten. The v in nueve is soft, almost a b.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
of-chainEnglish
Genitives linked like train cars: the voice of the servant of the king. Greek builds them happily; read one link at a time.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
Genitives linked like train cars: the voice of the servant of the king. Greek builds them happily; read one link at a time.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
OlympiaEnglish
The sanctuary in western Greece where the games were held every four years for over a thousand years. The modern Olympics borrow its name.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
The sanctuary in western Greece where the games were held every four years for over a thousand years. The modern Olympics borrow its name.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
OlympusEnglish
The highest mountain in Greece, its summit often hidden in cloud; the Greeks imagined their gods living above the weather there.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
The highest mountain in Greece, its summit often hidden in cloud; the Greeks imagined their gods living above the weather there.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
omega (ὠμέγα)English
The LAST Greek letter: capital Ω, small ω. It says a long O, as in tone. The name means big O.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
The LAST Greek letter: capital Ω, small ω. It says a long O, as in tone. The name means big O.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
omega (ω)English
The twenty-fourth and LAST letter: capital Ω, small ω. The big O, long as in tone, and your oldest friend in the box.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
The twenty-fourth and LAST letter: capital Ω, small ω. The big O, long as in tone, and your oldest friend in the box.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
omicron (ο)English
The fifteenth letter: capital Ο, small ο. The SMALL o: a short o as in pot. Its big brother omega (ω) says the long O.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
The fifteenth letter: capital Ο, small ο. The SMALL o: a short o as in pot. Its big brother omega (ω) says the long O.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
ongoing actionEnglish
What the imperfect shows: not one snapshot but a stretch of past time. English says was walking, kept walking, used to walk; Latin says it all with one form.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
What the imperfect shows: not one snapshot but a stretch of past time. English says was walking, kept walking, used to walk; Latin says it all with one form.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
oracle of DelphiEnglish
The famous shrine on the mountain where Greeks paid to ask about the future: a fraud-and-riddle house the Greeks trusted for a thousand years.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
The famous shrine on the mountain where Greeks paid to ask about the future: a fraud-and-riddle house the Greeks trusted for a thousand years.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
ornamentaEnglish
Jewels, adornments: a neuter plural, which is why it ends in -a. Cornelia's sentence, haec ornamenta mea, these are my jewels, uses Unit 1 grammar on its nouns.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
Jewels, adornments: a neuter plural, which is why it ends in -a. Cornelia's sentence, haec ornamenta mea, these are my jewels, uses Unit 1 grammar on its nouns.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
ostrakonEnglish
A broken piece of pottery, free ancient scratch paper. Plural ostraka. Athenians voted with them, and our word ostracize remembers it.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
A broken piece of pottery, free ancient scratch paper. Plural ostraka. Athenians voted with them, and our word ostracize remembers it.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
otro díaEnglish
Another day. Otro never takes un in front of it: say otro día, not un otro día.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
Another day. Otro never takes un in front of it: say otro día, not un otro día.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
P
P. D.English
Posdata, Spanish for P.S., the after-thought below the signature. Same idea, Latin underneath both: post data, after the things given.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
Posdata, Spanish for P.S., the after-thought below the signature. Same idea, Latin underneath both: post data, after the things given.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
P52English
The John Rylands fragment: a palm-sized papyrus scrap of John 18, copied about A.D. 125, the earliest known piece of the New Testament.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
The John Rylands fragment: a palm-sized papyrus scrap of John 18, copied about A.D. 125, the earliest known piece of the New Testament.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
paidagogosEnglish
The household servant who walked a Greek boy to school, παιδαγωγός, the ancestor of our word pedagogue. Paul says the law was our schoolmaster to bring us to Christ.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
The household servant who walked a Greek boy to school, παιδαγωγός, the ancestor of our word pedagogue. Paul says the law was our schoolmaster to bring us to Christ.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
palaestraEnglish
The wrestling school: the colonnaded training yard where athletes practiced. Its ruins at Olympia are this week's picture study.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
The wrestling school: the colonnaded training yard where athletes practiced. Its ruins at Olympia are this week's picture study.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
paleographyEnglish
Dating and placing manuscripts by their handwriting, the way you could date a photograph by its clothes. Hands change by generation; scholars read the change.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
Dating and placing manuscripts by their handwriting, the way you could date a photograph by its clothes. Hands change by generation; scholars read the change.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
pantheonEnglish
'All the gods' of a people, from πᾶν (all) + θεός (god). The Greek pantheon: Zeus, Athena, Poseidon and the rest of the invented family.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
'All the gods' of a people, from πᾶν (all) + θεός (god). The Greek pantheon: Zeus, Athena, Poseidon and the rest of the invented family.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
paradigmEnglish
A model chart of all a word's forms. Puella is the paradigm for the whole first declension: learn its chart and you own thousands of nouns.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
A model chart of all a word's forms. Puella is the paradigm for the whole first declension: learn its chart and you own thousands of nouns.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
paresEnglish
Equals, peers: judicium parium, the judgment of one's equals, the ancestor of the jury of one's peers. English peer keeps the word.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
Equals, peers: judicium parium, the judgment of one's equals, the ancestor of the jury of one's peers. English peer keeps the word.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
parsingEnglish
Reading a word's uniform out loud: ἔβλεπε is imperfect, third person singular, 'he or she was watching.' Scholars parse the way scouts read tracks.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
Reading a word's uniform out loud: ἔβλεπε is imperfect, third person singular, 'he or she was watching.' Scholars parse the way scouts read tracks.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
ParthenonEnglish
The marble temple (ναός) built on the Acropolis, 447–432 B.C., for Athena, the goddess the Athenians credited with their city and their victories.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
The marble temple (ναός) built on the Acropolis, 447–432 B.C., for Athena, the goddess the Athenians credited with their city and their victories.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
passive endingsEnglish
The six person endings of the passive: -r I, -ris you, -tur he/she/it, -mur we, -mini you all, -ntur they. They replace -o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
The six person endings of the passive: -r I, -ris you, -tur he/she/it, -mur we, -mini you all, -ntur they. They replace -o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
Pater NosterEnglish
'Our Father': the first two words of the Lord's Prayer in Latin, and the name the whole prayer goes by.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
'Our Father': the first two words of the Lord's Prayer in Latin, and the name the whole prayer goes by.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
patioEnglish
An open-air courtyard in the middle of a house, with rooms all around it. English borrowed the word straight from Spanish.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
An open-air courtyard in the middle of a house, with rooms all around it. English borrowed the word straight from Spanish.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
PennsylvaniaEnglish
Penn's forest land: William Penn's name plus silva, forest. An American state with a Latin word in its pocket.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
Penn's forest land: William Penn's name plus silva, forest. An American state with a Latin word in its pocket.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
perfect endingsEnglish
The one set of endings no other tense shares: -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt. Spot any of them and you are looking at a perfect.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
The one set of endings no other tense shares: -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt. Spot any of them and you are looking at a perfect.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
perfect passiveEnglish
The tense that says a thing was done or has been done: amatus est, he was loved; data est, she/it was given. Built from the participle plus the present of sum.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
The tense that says a thing was done or has been done: amatus est, he was loved; data est, she/it was given. Built from the participle plus the present of sum.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
perfect passive participleEnglish
The verb's adjective of completed action: amatus, loved; datus, given; scriptus, written. It is the fourth principal part of the verb.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8) · Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
The verb's adjective of completed action: amatus, loved; datus, given; scriptus, written. It is the fourth principal part of the verb.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8) · Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
perfect stemEnglish
The special stem the perfect rides on, each verb's signature: amav- (amo), rex- (rego), dix- (dico), ven- (venio). It is handed to you by the third principal part.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
The special stem the perfect rides on, each verb's signature: amav- (amo), rex- (rego), dix- (dico), ven- (venio). It is handed to you by the third principal part.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
perfect tenseEnglish
Latin's done-and-finished past: amavi, I loved, I have loved. One action, complete. The name comes from perfectum, 'finished through.'
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
Latin's done-and-finished past: amavi, I loved, I have loved. One action, complete. The name comes from perfectum, 'finished through.'
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
personEnglish
Who is doing the verb: first person is I or we, second is you, third is he, she, it or they.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5)
Who is doing the verb: first person is I or we, second is you, third is he, she, it or they.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5)
person endingEnglish
The verb's last letters, which name the doer: -ω I, -εις you, -ει he/she, -ομεν we, -ετε you all, -ουσι they.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5)
The verb's last letters, which name the doer: -ω I, -εις you, -ει he/she, -ομεν we, -ετε you all, -ουσι they.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5)
personal aEnglish
When the direct object is a person, Spanish sets a little a in front of it: Veo a Sancho. I see Sancho. It has no English translation; it simply marks a person.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
When the direct object is a person, Spanish sets a little a in front of it: Veo a Sancho. I see Sancho. It has no English translation; it simply marks a person.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
personal pronounEnglish
A word that stands for a person: ἐγώ I, σύ you, with their plurals ἡμεῖς we and ὑμεῖς you all.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7) · Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
A word that stands for a person: ἐγώ I, σύ you, with their plurals ἡμεῖς we and ὑμεῖς you all.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7) · Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
PhaedrusEnglish
A freedman of the emperor Augustus's household (about 15 B.C. to A.D. 50) who turned Aesop's Greek fables into Latin verse, the schoolbook of Roman children for centuries.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
A freedman of the emperor Augustus's household (about 15 B.C. to A.D. 50) who turned Aesop's Greek fables into Latin verse, the schoolbook of Roman children for centuries.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
phi (φ)English
The twenty-first letter: capital Φ, small φ. It says f, and it starts Φίλιππος (FEE-lip-poss), Philip, the horse-lover.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
The twenty-first letter: capital Φ, small φ. It says f, and it starts Φίλιππος (FEE-lip-poss), Philip, the horse-lover.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
PhoeniciansEnglish
Sea-trading people from the coast beyond Greece who carried their letters wherever they sailed. The Greeks borrowed the letters and improved them.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
Sea-trading people from the coast beyond Greece who carried their letters wherever they sailed. The Greeks borrowed the letters and improved them.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
phoneEnglish
Greek for voice or sound. A telephone carries a voice from far away; a microphone makes a small voice big.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
Greek for voice or sound. A telephone carries a voice from far away; a microphone makes a small voice big.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
pi (π)English
The sixteenth letter: capital Π, small π. It says p, and math borrowed it for the number 3.14..., the famous pi.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
The sixteenth letter: capital Π, small π. It says p, and math borrowed it for the number 3.14..., the famous pi.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
pilgrim (el peregrino)English
A person who travels on foot to a holy place, to pray and give thanks along the way. From Latin peregrinus, a traveler from abroad; English pilgrim is the same word worn down.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
A person who travels on foot to a holy place, to pray and give thanks along the way. From Latin peregrinus, a traveler from abroad; English pilgrim is the same word worn down.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
place nameEnglish
The name of a city, state, river or mountain. Thousands of American place names are plain Spanish: Los Angeles, the angels; Florida, flowery.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
The name of a city, state, river or mountain. Thousands of American place names are plain Spanish: Los Angeles, the angels; Florida, flowery.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
plaza mayorEnglish
The main square of a Spanish town: market, meeting place, festival ground and front porch for the whole city. Madrid's, finished in 1619, is the most famous of all.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
The main square of a Spanish town: market, meeting place, festival ground and front porch for the whole city. Madrid's, finished in 1619, is the most famous of all.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
pluralEnglish
The form that means more than one: rosae, roses.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
The form that means more than one: rosae, roses.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
plural endingsEnglish
The three tags for more than one doer: -mus we, -tis you all, -nt they.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
The three tags for more than one doer: -mus we, -tis you all, -nt they.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)
PompeiiEnglish
A Roman town buried by the volcano Vesuvius in A.D. 79 and dug up again centuries later, with its houses, paintings and floors still in place.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
A Roman town buried by the volcano Vesuvius in A.D. 79 and dug up again centuries later, with its houses, paintings and floors still in place.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
pons CaesarisEnglish
'The bridge of Caesar,' with pons (bridge) as a sight word on loan. One genitive said everything the bridge was built to say: whose.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
'The bridge of Caesar,' with pons (bridge) as a sight word on loan. One genitive said everything the bridge was built to say: whose.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
populusEnglish
The people, as one body, and so a singular noun in Latin: populus laudat, the people praises. It is the P in SPQR.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
The people, as one body, and so a singular noun in Latin: populus laudat, the people praises. It is the P in SPQR.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
por favor (por fah-BOR)English
Please. Spanish v is soft, almost like a b, so favor sounds like fah-BOR.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
Please. Spanish v is soft, almost like a b, so favor sounds like fah-BOR.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
por la...English
In the (part of the day): por la mañana, in the morning; por la tarde, in the afternoon; por la noche, at night. Used when no clock time is given.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
In the (part of the day): por la mañana, in the morning; por la tarde, in the afternoon; por la noche, at night. Used when no clock time is given.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
possessiveEnglish
A word that tells whose something is: mi (my), tu (your), su (his, her, your, their), nuestro (our).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
A word that tells whose something is: mi (my), tu (your), su (his, her, your, their), nuestro (our).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
possessive adjectiveEnglish
My, your, our: meus, tuus, noster, vester. They are adjectives, so they dress to match their noun: frater meus, vox tua, pater noster.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
My, your, our: meus, tuus, noster, vester. They are adjectives, so they dress to match their noun: frater meus, vox tua, pater noster.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
present active participleEnglish
The -ing participle: portans, carrying; laborans, working. Nominative in -ns, genitive in -ntis, agreeing with its noun.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
The -ing participle: portans, carrying; laborans, working. Nominative in -ns, genitive in -ntis, agreeing with its noun.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
preterite (el pretérito)English
The Spanish past tense for finished actions: things that happened and were done. Ayer hablé con mi abuela: yesterday I spoke with my grandmother, and the conversation is over. The name comes from Latin praeteritum, gone by.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
The Spanish past tense for finished actions: things that happened and were done. Ayer hablé con mi abuela: yesterday I spoke with my grandmother, and the conversation is over. The name comes from Latin praeteritum, gone by.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
pro bonoEnglish
Short for pro bono publico, 'for the public good': legal work done free, the ablative after pro doing the work.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
Short for pro bono publico, 'for the public good': legal work done free, the ablative after pro doing the work.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
psalterEnglish
The book of Psalms arranged for singing. The old Latin psalter, which the church sang for over a thousand years, renders Psalm 23's opening Dominus regit me.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
The book of Psalms arranged for singing. The old Latin psalter, which the church sang for over a thousand years, renders Psalm 23's opening Dominus regit me.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
psi (ψ)English
The twenty-third letter: capital Ψ, small ψ. It says ps as in lips, a whole ps-sound in one pitchfork-shaped letter.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
The twenty-third letter: capital Ψ, small ψ. It says ps as in lips, a whole ps-sound in one pitchfork-shaped letter.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
puerEnglish
Boy. The proud exception of the -us family: it drops nothing, so the pair is puer, pueri (boy, boys).
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
Boy. The proud exception of the -us family: it drops nothing, so the pair is puer, pueri (boy, boys).
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
pure vowelsEnglish
Spanish vowels are single, steady sounds: a says ah, e says eh, i says ee, o says oh, u says oo, always and only. English vowels like to slide; Spanish vowels stand still.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
Spanish vowels are single, steady sounds: a says ah, e says eh, i says ee, o says oh, u says oo, always and only. English vowels like to slide; Spanish vowels stand still.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
Q
quamEnglish
Than, standing between the two things compared: pater altior est quam filius. The nouns on both sides of quam wear the same case.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
Than, standing between the two things compared: pater altior est quam filius. The nouns on both sides of quam wear the same case.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
-queEnglish
Latin's clip-on 'and': attached to the end of the second word. Virumque = et virum, 'and the man.' You met it in SENATUS POPULUSQUE ROMANUS.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
Latin's clip-on 'and': attached to the end of the second word. Virumque = et virum, 'and the man.' You met it in SENATUS POPULUSQUE ROMANUS.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
¿Qué tiempo hace?English
What is the weather like? Word for word: what weather does it make? Here el tiempo means the weather.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
What is the weather like? Word for word: what weather does it make? Here el tiempo means the weather.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
querido / queridaEnglish
Dear, beloved: the opening of a friendly letter. It agrees with the person: Querido abuelo, Querida abuela, Queridos abuelos. It comes from querer, to love or to want, the verb of Te quiero, I love you.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
Dear, beloved: the opening of a friendly letter. It agrees with the person: Querido abuelo, Querida abuela, Queridos abuelos. It comes from querer, to love or to want, the verb of Te quiero, I love you.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
question wordsEnglish
The four golden openers, each wearing its accent: qué (what), quién (who), dónde (where), cómo (how).
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
The four golden openers, each wearing its accent: qué (what), quién (who), dónde (where), cómo (how).
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
R
reading for meaningEnglish
Reading a Spanish sentence for what it says, not word-by-word into English first. The goal of the whole quarter: La niña canta should make you see a singing girl, not a vocabulary list.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
Reading a Spanish sentence for what it says, not word-by-word into English first. The goal of the whole quarter: La niña canta should make you see a singing girl, not a vocabulary list.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
reading three waysEnglish
The Grade 5 method: aloud in Spanish for sound and courage, then line by line for meaning, then aloud again with feeling, as the storyteller.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
The Grade 5 method: aloud in Spanish for sound and courage, then line by line for meaning, then aloud again with feeling, as the storyteller.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
reduplicated perfectEnglish
A perfect that stutters its first syllable on purpose: curro, currere, cucurri, I ran. A handful of old verbs do it; Latin students love them.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
A perfect that stutters its first syllable on purpose: curro, currere, cucurri, I ran. A handful of old verbs do it; Latin students love them.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
Reina-ValeraEnglish
The Spanish Bible first translated by Casiodoro de Reina in 1569 and revised by Cipriano de Valera; its 1960 revision is the most widely read Spanish Bible among evangelical churches.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
The Spanish Bible first translated by Casiodoro de Reina in 1569 and revised by Cipriano de Valera; its 1960 revision is the most widely read Spanish Bible among evangelical churches.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
relative clauseEnglish
A fold-in sentence introduced by qui, quae or quod (who, which): servus qui scribit, the servant who writes. The relative matches its noun: servus qui, puella quae, donum quod.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
A fold-in sentence introduced by qui, quae or quod (who, which): servus qui scribit, the servant who writes. The relative matches its noun: servus qui, puella quae, donum quod.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
Res GestaeEnglish
'Things done, deeds': Augustus's first-person account of his reign, from gero, gestus, to carry on, accomplish. The full title is Res Gestae Divi Augusti.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
'Things done, deeds': Augustus's first-person account of his reign, from gero, gestus, to carry on, accomplish. The full title is Res Gestae Divi Augusti.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
res publicaEnglish
Literally 'the public thing': the people's business, the commonwealth. Said quickly for two thousand years, it became our word republic.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
Literally 'the public thing': the people's business, the commonwealth. Said quickly for two thousand years, it became our word republic.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
rhapsodeEnglish
A professional singer-reciter who performed Homer from memory, traveling from hall to hall with a staff instead of a songbook.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
A professional singer-reciter who performed Homer from memory, traveling from hall to hall with a staff instead of a songbook.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
rho (ρ)English
The seventeenth letter: capital Ρ, small ρ. The biggest false friend in the alphabet: it looks like p but says a rolled r. The real p is π.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
The seventeenth letter: capital Ρ, small ρ. The biggest false friend in the alphabet: it looks like p but says a rolled r. The real p is π.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
rojo (ROH-hoh)English
Red. The r at the start rolls like a little drumroll, and the j sounds like a breathy h.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
Red. The r at the start rolls like a little drumroll, and the j sounds like a breathy h.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
Roman numeralsEnglish
Rome's way of writing numbers with letters: I is 1, V is 5, X is 10. Still at work on clocks, chapters and Super Bowls.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4) · Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
Rome's way of writing numbers with letters: I is 1, V is 5, X is 10. Still at work on clocks, chapters and Super Bowls.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4) · Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
Romance languagesEnglish
The daughter languages that grew out of spoken Latin: Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Romanian. Romance here means from the Romans, not love stories.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
The daughter languages that grew out of spoken Latin: Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Romanian. Romance here means from the Romans, not love stories.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
rosado (roh-SAH-doh)English
Pink, the color of a rose (rosa). The r at the start rolls. Many speakers also say rosa for pink; both are right.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
Pink, the color of a rose (rosa). The r at the start rolls. Many speakers also say rosa for pink; both are right.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
rosca de reyesEnglish
A ring-shaped sweet bread eaten on Three Kings Day, with a tiny figure of the baby Jesus baked inside.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
A ring-shaped sweet bread eaten on Three Kings Day, with a tiny figure of the baby Jesus baked inside.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
Rosetta StoneEnglish
A broken black stone slab carved in 196 B.C. with the SAME message three times: hieroglyphs on top, everyday Egyptian script in the middle, and Greek at the bottom.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
A broken black stone slab carved in 196 B.C. with the SAME message three times: hieroglyphs on top, everyday Egyptian script in the middle, and Greek at the bottom.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
rough breathingEnglish
The mark ( ῾ ) over a word's first vowel (or over ρ), telling you to add an h: ἅγιος is HA-gee-os. It curls like a tiny open c.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
The mark ( ῾ ) over a word's first vowel (or over ρ), telling you to add an h: ἅγιος is HA-gee-os. It curls like a tiny open c.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
rule-breakerEnglish
A noun whose hat ignores the ending clue, like el día: it ends in -a but wears el, because its Latin mother-word dies was in the el family.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
A noun whose hat ignores the ending clue, like el día: it ends in -a but wears el, because its Latin mother-word dies was in the el family.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
S
sacred geeseEnglish
The geese kept at Juno's temple on the Capitol. Even when food ran short, the Romans would not eat them, and that obedience saved the city.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
The geese kept at Juno's temple on the Capitol. Even when food ran short, the Romans would not eat them, and that obedience saved the city.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
sacred truceEnglish
The pause in wars announced by heralds before each games, so athletes and families could travel safely to Olympia and home again.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
The pause in wars announced by heralds before each games, so athletes and families could travel safely to Olympia and home again.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
Sancho PanzaEnglish
Don Quixote's squire: a plump, practical farmer from La Mancha who rides a donkey, loves his dinner, and answers everything with a proverb.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
Don Quixote's squire: a plump, practical farmer from La Mancha who rides a donkey, loves his dinner, and answers everything with a proverb.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)
SantiagoEnglish
Saint James, the apostle, brother of John. The name is Sant Iago run together: Saint James in old Spanish. By tradition his tomb lies in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, in the far northwest of Spain.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
Saint James, the apostle, brother of John. The name is Sant Iago run together: Saint James in old Spanish. By tradition his tomb lies in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, in the far northwest of Spain.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
santificadoEnglish
Hallowed: treated as holy. Santificado sea tu nombre: hallowed be thy name.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
Hallowed: treated as holy. Santificado sea tu nombre: hallowed be thy name.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)
scholar's markupEnglish
Reading with a pencil: underlining each noun in a case color and tagging each verb's tense, so the sentence's whole machine is visible on the page.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
Reading with a pencil: underlining each noun in a case color and tagging each verb's tense, so the sentence's whole machine is visible on the page.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
scholiaEnglish
Ancient scholars' notes crowding a manuscript's margins. The Venetus A's scholia preserve scraps of lost books a thousand years older than the page itself.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
Ancient scholars' notes crowding a manuscript's margins. The Venetus A's scholia preserve scraps of lost books a thousand years older than the page itself.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
scutum fideiEnglish
The shield of faith. Fidei, of faith, wears a genitive ending from the fifth declension, on loan until grade 8; take it, fittingly, on faith.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
The shield of faith. Fidei, of faith, wears a genitive ending from the fifth declension, on loan until grade 8; take it, fittingly, on faith.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
second aoristEnglish
A snapshot past formed the old way, with a changed stem instead of σα. This year you learn no rules for it, only three faces: εἶπεν, ἦλθεν, εἶδεν.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
A snapshot past formed the old way, with a changed stem instead of σα. This year you learn no rules for it, only three faces: εἶπεν, ἦλθεν, εἶδεν.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
second conjugationEnglish
The -ere verb family with a telltale e before the endings: moneo, mones, monet. First conjugation loves a (amas); second loves e (mones).
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5)
The -ere verb family with a telltale e before the endings: moneo, mones, monet. First conjugation loves a (amas); second loves e (mones).
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5)
second declensionEnglish
The noun family of λόγος and δῶρον: masculines in -ος and neuters in -ον, sharing most of their endings.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5) · +1 more
The noun family of λόγος and δῶρον: masculines in -ος and neuters in -ον, sharing most of their endings.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5) · +1 more
SeptuagintEnglish
The Greek translation of the Old Testament made in Alexandria about 250 B.C., the Bible most of the apostles' first readers knew.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5) · Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5)
The Greek translation of the Old Testament made in Alexandria about 250 B.C., the Bible most of the apostles' first readers knew.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5) · Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5)
Septuagint (LXX)English
The Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, begun in Alexandria about 250 years before Christ. Its name is Latin for seventy, from the old story of seventy-odd translators; LXX is seventy in Roman numerals.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7) · Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
The Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, begun in Alexandria about 250 years before Christ. Its name is Latin for seventy, from the old story of seventy-odd translators; LXX is seventy in Roman numerals.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7) · Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
sequence wordsEnglish
Little words that walk a story forward in order: primero (first), luego (then), después (afterward), por fin (at last).
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
Little words that walk a story forward in order: primero (first), luego (then), después (afterward), por fin (at last).
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
serEnglish
The Spanish verb to be, used for who and what things are: soy, eres, es, somos, son.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5)
The Spanish verb to be, used for who and what things are: soy, eres, es, somos, son.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5)
ser's jobEnglish
To say what something is: who or what it is (Soy Ana. Es un libro.) and what it is like (La casa es blanca. Dios es bueno.).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
To say what something is: who or what it is (Soy Ana. Es un libro.) and what it is like (La casa es blanca. Dios es bueno.).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
si Dios quiereEnglish
If God wills. Spoken after a plan by Spanish speakers everywhere: Mañana voy a Burgos, si Dios quiere.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
If God wills. Spoken after a plan by Spanish speakers everywhere: Mañana voy a Burgos, si Dios quiere.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
sí (SEE) and no (NOH)English
Yes and no. Sí wears an accent mark; no is the same as in English, but short and clean: NOH.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
Yes and no. Sí wears an accent mark; no is the same as in English, but short and clean: NOH.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
sight lineEnglish
A famous Greek line read and understood as a whole, like a memorized verse, without grammar questions. This course has three great ones; today brings the first.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
A famous Greek line read and understood as a whole, like a memorized verse, without grammar questions. This course has three great ones; today brings the first.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
sight nounEnglish
A word read and understood whole, never declined. This story's animals, ἡ χελώνη (tortoise) and ὁ λαγώς (hare), appear only as namers with their articles.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
A word read and understood whole, never declined. This story's animals, ἡ χελώνη (tortoise) and ὁ λαγώς (hare), appear only as namers with their articles.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
sight verbEnglish
A verb form memorized whole, by face, like a sight word in reading. The fastest honest way to read real Greek early.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
A verb form memorized whole, by face, like a sight word in reading. The fastest honest way to read real Greek early.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7) · Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
sight wordEnglish
A word you read whole, like a friend's face, without stopping to spell it. This course collects about fifteen of them.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
A word you read whole, like a friend's face, without stopping to spell it. This course collects about fifteen of them.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
sigma (σ / ς)English
The eighteenth letter, the s. It has TWO small shapes: σ anywhere in a word, ς only at the very end, like a letter that puts on slippers at the door. Capital: Σ.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
The eighteenth letter, the s. It has TWO small shapes: σ anywhere in a word, ς only at the very end, like a letter that puts on slippers at the door. Capital: Σ.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
singularEnglish
The form of a noun that means just one: rosa, one rose.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
The form of a noun that means just one: rosa, one rose.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
singular and pluralEnglish
One, or more than one. Greek shows it twice: in the noun's ending AND in its badge: ὁ λόγος, οἱ λόγοι.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
One, or more than one. Greek shows it twice: in the noun's ending AND in its badge: ὁ λόγος, οἱ λόγοι.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
sinoEnglish
But rather, but instead: the word that corrects a negative. No son gigantes, sino molinos: they are not giants, but windmills. Plain but, adding something, is pero.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
But rather, but instead: the word that corrects a negative. No son gigantes, sino molinos: they are not giants, but windmills. Plain but, adding something, is pero.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
small lettersEnglish
The little rounded shapes (α β γ δ), invented many centuries later by scribes writing fast with pens on parchment.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)
The little rounded shapes (α β γ δ), invented many centuries later by scribes writing fast with pens on parchment.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)
smooth breathingEnglish
The mark ( ᾿ ) that says: no h, just the vowel. ἄγγελος is ANG-el-os. It curls the other way.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
The mark ( ᾿ ) that says: no h, just the vowel. ἄγγελος is ANG-el-os. It curls the other way.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)
Socratic methodEnglish
Teaching by asking: questions that make the learner examine what he thinks he knows. Named for Socrates, who used it on all Athens.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
Teaching by asking: questions that make the learner examine what he thinks he knows. Named for Socrates, who used it on all Athens.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
Soli Deo GloriaEnglish
Glory to God alone. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote its initials, S.D.G., at the end of his musical works.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
Glory to God alone. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote its initials, S.D.G., at the end of his musical works.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)
sounding outEnglish
Reading a word letter by letter, then blending the sounds: Π-έ-τ-ρ-ο-ς, peh... tross... Πέτρος! The skill this whole course was building.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
Reading a word letter by letter, then blending the sounds: Π-έ-τ-ρ-ο-ς, peh... tross... Πέτρος! The skill this whole course was building.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
sour grapesEnglish
English's name, straight out of this fable, for despising what you cannot have. Two thousand years old and still used daily.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7) · Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
English's name, straight out of this fable, for despising what you cannot have. Two thousand years old and still used daily.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7) · Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
Spanish (español, castellano)English
The language that grew out of everyday Latin in Spain and sailed to the Americas. Spanish speakers call it español or castellano, after Castile, the region where it grew up.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
The language that grew out of everyday Latin in Spain and sailed to the Americas. Spanish speakers call it español or castellano, after Castile, the region where it grew up.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)
speluncaEnglish
A cave: the desert den Androclus and the lion shared. English spelunking, cave exploring, keeps the word.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
A cave: the desert den Androclus and the lion shared. English spelunking, cave exploring, keeps the word.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
SPQREnglish
Senatus Populusque Romanus, the Senate and People of Rome. The little -que glued to the end of a word means and.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
Senatus Populusque Romanus, the Senate and People of Rome. The little -que glued to the end of a word means and.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
squeezed middleEnglish
This course's nickname for πατήρ's habit of squeezing its vowel: πατήρ, but πατρός, πατρί, then πατέρα. The chart must be chanted, not guessed.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
This course's nickname for πατήρ's habit of squeezing its vowel: πατήρ, but πατρός, πατρί, then πατέρα. The chart must be chanted, not guessed.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
stage (la etapa)English
One day's walk on the Camino, from one town with a pilgrims' hostel to the next. The Camino Francés is usually walked in about thirty to thirty-five stages.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
One day's walk on the Camino, from one town with a pilgrims' hostel to the next. The Camino Francés is usually walked in about thirty to thirty-five stages.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)
steleEnglish
An upright carved stone slab or column, set up to remember something or someone. Seikilos' song is carved on a small marble stele.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4) · Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
An upright carved stone slab or column, set up to remember something or someone. Seikilos' song is carved on a small marble stele.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4) · Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
storyteller's presentEnglish
The storyteller's habit of jumping to the present when a character speaks: ὁ λαγὼς λέγει, the hare SAYS. English does it too: 'so the hare says to her...'
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
The storyteller's habit of jumping to the present when a character speaks: ὁ λαγὼς λέγει, the hare SAYS. English does it too: 'so the hare says to her...'
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)
street counterEnglish
A Roman snack bar: a marble counter open to the street with big jars set into it, selling hot food. Pompeii's are still standing.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
A Roman snack bar: a marble counter open to the street with big jars set into it, selling hot food. Pompeii's are still standing.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
strong preteriteEnglish
A past-tense verb that changes its stem instead of just adding the regular endings: hacer becomes hice, decir becomes dije. Strong preterites are stressed on the stem and never wear accent marks.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
A past-tense verb that changes its stem instead of just adding the regular endings: hacer becomes hice, decir becomes dije. Strong preterites are stressed on the stem and never wear accent marks.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
suEnglish
His, her, its, your (to usted) or their: su libro can be any of those. Context tells which, and when it does not, Spanish says el libro de Ana.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
His, her, its, your (to usted) or their: su libro can be any of those. Context tells which, and when it does not, Spanish says el libro de Ana.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
su Palabra (soo pah-LAH-brah)English
His Word: the Bible, God's Word.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
His Word: the Bible, God's Word.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)
subpoenaEnglish
'Under penalty' (sub poena): a court order to appear or produce evidence, with punishment waiting behind the sub.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
'Under penalty' (sub poena): a court order to appear or produce evidence, with punishment waiting behind the sub.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
subtractive pairEnglish
A smaller numeral set before a larger one to subtract from it: IV four, IX nine, XL forty, XC ninety, CD four hundred, CM nine hundred. Only these six pairs are used.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
A smaller numeral set before a larger one to subtract from it: IV four, IX nine, XL forty, XC ninety, CD four hundred, CM nine hundred. Only these six pairs are used.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
superlativeEnglish
The most rung: longissimus, longest; fortissimus, bravest; optimus, best. Latin's -issimus does English's -est work.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
The most rung: longissimus, longest; fortissimus, bravest; optimus, best. Latin's -issimus does English's -est work.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
swap drillEnglish
This unit's game: change the subject, then fix the verb to match; change the verb, keep the handshake. Puella cantat; puellae cantant; puellae ambulant.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
This unit's game: change the subject, then fix the verb to match; change the verb, keep the handshake. Puella cantat; puellae cantant; puellae ambulant.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
syllableEnglish
One beat of a word. A diphthong counts as ONE beat: εὕ-ρη-κα has three syllables, not four.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
One beat of a word. A diphthong counts as ONE beat: εὕ-ρη-κα has three syllables, not four.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
T
tabernaEnglish
A Roman shop or stall; one of this lesson's new nouns, and the ancestor of the English word tavern.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
A Roman shop or stall; one of this lesson's new nouns, and the ancestor of the English word tavern.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
taliEnglish
Knucklebones: the ankle bones of sheep, tossed and caught like jacks, or rolled like dice with each side worth different points.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
Knucklebones: the ankle bones of sheep, tossed and caught like jacks, or rolled like dice with each side worth different points.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
tapestry cartoonEnglish
A full-size painting made as a pattern for weavers, who copied it thread by thread into a wool tapestry to hang on a palace wall.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
A full-size painting made as a pattern for weavers, who copied it thread by thread into a wool tapestry to hang on a palace wall.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 4)
tau (τ)English
The nineteenth letter: capital Τ, small τ. It says t, and it looks like a t that lost its hat-brim.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
The nineteenth letter: capital Τ, small τ. It says t, and it looks like a t that lost its hat-brim.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
¿te gusta?English
Do you like? Word for word: does it please you? ¿Te gusta el jugo? Do you like juice?
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
Do you like? Word for word: does it please you? ¿Te gusta el jugo? Do you like juice?
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
te presento a...English
Let me introduce you to...: Te presento a mi hermana. The a is the personal a that Spanish puts before a person. For someone you call usted: Le presento a....
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
Let me introduce you to...: Te presento a mi hermana. The a is the personal a that Spanish puts before a person. For someone you call usted: Le presento a....
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
teleEnglish
Greek for far. Telephone, television, telescope: far-voice, far-seeing, far-looker.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
Greek for far. Telephone, television, telescope: far-voice, far-seeing, far-looker.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)
tenerEnglish
To have: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tienen. From Latin tenere, to hold, the root of tenant and tenacious.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
To have: tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tienen. From Latin tenere, to hold, the root of tenant and tenacious.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
Tengo ocho años (TEHN-goh OH-choh AH-nyohs)English
I am eight years old. Spanish says it as I have eight years. If you are nine: Tengo nueve años.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
I am eight years old. Spanish says it as I have eight years. If you are nine: Tengo nueve años.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
tengo, tienes, tieneEnglish
I have, you have, he or she has. Tengo un perro: I have a dog. ¿Tienes un gato? Do you have a cat? Papá tiene un libro: Dad has a book.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
I have, you have, he or she has. Tengo un perro: I have a dog. ¿Tienes un gato? Do you have a cat? Papá tiene un libro: Dad has a book.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
tense sign -ba-English
The syllable that marks the imperfect, slotted between the stem and the person ending: ama-BA-nt, mone-BA-mus.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
The syllable that marks the imperfect, slotted between the stem and the person ending: ama-BA-nt, mone-BA-mus.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
tense sign -bo/-bi-/-bu-English
The future's signature in the first and second conjugations: ama-BO, ama-BI-s, ama-BI-t, ama-BI-mus, ama-BI-tis, ama-BU-nt.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
The future's signature in the first and second conjugations: ama-BO, ama-BI-s, ama-BI-t, ama-BI-mus, ama-BI-tis, ama-BU-nt.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
terraEnglish
Earth, land, ground. A terrarium is a little glass world of earth, just as an aquarium is a little world of water.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
Earth, land, ground. A terrarium is a little glass world of earth, just as an aquarium is a little world of water.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
testudoEnglish
Latin for tortoise: the Roman army formation in which soldiers locked their shields over their heads and sides until the squad became one armored shell.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)
Latin for tortoise: the Roman army formation in which soldiers locked their shields over their heads and sides until the squad became one armored shell.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)
the AlhambraEnglish
The palace-fortress on a hill above Granada, built mostly in the 1300s, famous for its courtyards, fountains and carved walls. Its name comes from the Arabic for the red one, for the color of its walls.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
The palace-fortress on a hill above Granada, built mostly in the 1300s, famous for its courtyards, fountains and carved walls. Its name comes from the Arabic for the red one, for the color of its walls.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)
the AlpsEnglish
The mountain wall across Italy's north, iced and stormy by autumn. Rome trusted it as a shield until Hannibal walked over it.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
The mountain wall across Italy's north, iced and stormy by autumn. Rome trusted it as a shield until Hannibal walked over it.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
the Camino de SantiagoEnglish
The Way of Saint James: the network of pilgrim roads across Europe that end at Santiago de Compostela. The most famous, the Camino Francés, crosses northern Spain from the French border, about five hundred miles.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
The Way of Saint James: the network of pilgrim roads across Europe that end at Santiago de Compostela. The most famous, the Camino Francés, crosses northern Spain from the French border, about five hundred miles.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
the CapitolEnglish
Rome's great hill with the temple of Juno on top: the city's strong place, where the Romans held out in 390 B.C.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
Rome's great hill with the temple of Juno on top: the city's strong place, where the Romans held out in 390 B.C.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
the chargeEnglish
Words of commission given at the end of a course of study, telling the student what to do next. Yours is printed in this lesson, for a parent to read aloud at la velada.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
Words of commission given at the end of a course of study, telling the student what to do next. Yours is printed in this lesson, for a parent to read aloud at la velada.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)
the closing (la despedida)English
The warm words before your name: Saludos (greetings), Con cariño (with love, with affection), Un abrazo (a hug). Formal letters close with Atentamente, sincerely.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
The warm words before your name: Saludos (greetings), Con cariño (with love, with affection), Un abrazo (a hug). Formal letters close with Atentamente, sincerely.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
the five vowels (las vocales)English
The singing letters a, e, i, o, u. In Spanish each one always makes the same short, clean sound: a says ah, e says eh, i says ee, o says oh, u says oo.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
The singing letters a, e, i, o, u. In Spanish each one always makes the same short, clean sound: a says ah, e says eh, i says ee, o says oh, u says oo.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
the Good ShepherdEnglish
The earliest and favorite picture of Christian art: a young shepherd with a lamb across his shoulders, from John 10:11 and Luke 15:5, painted in the catacombs while emperors still ruled above.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
The earliest and favorite picture of Christian art: a young shepherd with a lamb across his shoulders, from John 10:11 and Luke 15:5, painted in the catacombs while emperors still ruled above.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
the imperfect (vivía)English
A second past tense of Spanish, the past of description and habit: vivía, he lived (was living, used to live). The preterite tells what happened; the imperfect paints the background. You will learn it in high school; today you only recognize it.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
A second past tense of Spanish, the past of description and habit: vivía, he lived (was living, used to live). The preterite tells what happened; the imperfect paints the background. You will learn it in high school; today you only recognize it.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)
the little words: el and laEnglish
Spanish has two words for the. Every noun wears one of them, like a hat it never takes off: la casa, el cuarto. Learn each noun with its hat.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
Spanish has two words for the. Every noun wears one of them, like a hat it never takes off: la casa, el cuarto. Learn each noun with its hat.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)
the MestaEnglish
The great council of Spain's shepherds, founded in 1273, which drove millions of sheep across the kingdom every spring and autumn for six hundred years.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
The great council of Spain's shepherds, founded in 1273, which drove millions of sheep across the kingdom every spring and autumn for six hundred years.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
the narrative duetEnglish
How real Latin tells a story: imperfect verbs paint the scene (sol lucebat, the sun was shining), perfect verbs strike the events (venit, he came). Every Latin author you will ever read plays this duet.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
How real Latin tells a story: imperfect verbs paint the scene (sol lucebat, the sun was shining), perfect verbs strike the events (venit, he came). Every Latin author you will ever read plays this duet.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
the neuter -a pluralEnglish
Every neuter plural nominative and accusative ends in -a: corpora, tempora, nomina, maria. You met this with bellum, bella; the third declension keeps the same rule.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
Every neuter plural nominative and accusative ends in -a: corpora, tempora, nomina, maria. You met this with bellum, bella; the third declension keeps the same rule.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
the neuter ruleEnglish
In every neuter noun, nominative and accusative are always identical, and in the plural both end in -a: bellum/bellum, bella/bella.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)
In every neuter noun, nominative and accusative are always identical, and in the plural both end in -a: bellum/bellum, bella/bella.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)
the nosotros surpriseEnglish
The one place the -ir endings differ from the -er endings: we comemos, but we vivimos. Every other -ir form matches -er exactly.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)
The one place the -ir endings differ from the -er endings: we comemos, but we vivimos. Every other -ir form matches -er exactly.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)
the one-before trickEnglish
A smaller numeral in front takes itself away: IV is one-before-five, 4; IX is one-before-ten, 9.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
A smaller numeral in front takes itself away: IV is one-before-five, 4; IX is one-before-ten, 9.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
the Peutinger mapEnglish
A medieval copy of a Roman road map of the whole empire, drawn as one ribbon twenty-two feet long: roads as lines, cities as little houses, Rome as a crowned queen.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
A medieval copy of a Roman road map of the whole empire, drawn as one ribbon twenty-two feet long: roads as lines, cities as little houses, Rome as a crowned queen.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
the RubiconEnglish
A small river marking the legal boundary of Italy. By Roman law a general crossing it under arms committed treason; 'crossing the Rubicon' still means a choice there is no taking back.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
A small river marking the legal boundary of Italy. By Roman law a general crossing it under arms committed treason; 'crossing the Rubicon' still means a choice there is no taking back.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
the sergeant's sixEnglish
This course's name for the six short irregular tú commands: ven (come), di (say, tell), haz (do, make), ve (go), pon (put), sal (go out, leave).
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
This course's name for the six short irregular tú commands: ven (come), di (say, tell), haz (do, make), ve (go), pon (put), sal (go out, leave).
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)
the Sublician bridgeEnglish
The old wooden bridge over the Tiber at Rome, the one Horatius held in 509 B.C. while it was cut down behind him.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
The old wooden bridge over the Tiber at Rome, the one Horatius held in 509 B.C. while it was cut down behind him.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
the three partsEnglish
This course's verb entry: present, infinitive, perfect. Duco, ducere, duxi. The first gives the verb, the second its family, the third its perfect stem.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
This course's verb entry: present, infinitive, perfect. Duco, ducere, duxi. The first gives the verb, the second its family, the third its perfect stem.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
the top tableEnglish
This course's name for the four strong verbs every story needs: decir (dije, dijo), venir (vine, vino), tener (tuve, tuvo) and dar (di, dio).
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
This course's name for the four strong verbs every story needs: decir (dije, dijo), venir (vine, vino), tener (tuve, tuvo) and dar (di, dio).
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
the twin preterite (fui)English
The single set of forms, fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron, that serves as the past of both ser (to be) and ir (to go). Context decides: fui a Manila is I went; fui marinero is I was a sailor.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
The single set of forms, fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron, that serves as the past of both ser (to be) and ir (to go). Context decides: fui a Manila is I went; fui marinero is I was a sailor.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
the Vulgate's SamuelEnglish
Jerome's Latin for 1 Samuel 3:10: Loquere, Domine, quia audit servus tuus, 'Speak, LORD; for thy servant heareth.' A sentence Latin students have prayed for sixteen centuries.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
Jerome's Latin for 1 Samuel 3:10: Loquere, Domine, quia audit servus tuus, 'Speak, LORD; for thy servant heareth.' A sentence Latin students have prayed for sixteen centuries.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
the year of confusionEnglish
46 B.C., stretched to about 445 days by Caesar's order, a one-time payment that put the drifted calendar back in line with the seasons.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
46 B.C., stretched to about 445 days by Caesar's order, a one-time payment that put the drifted calendar back in line with the seasons.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
theme vowelEnglish
The vowel inside the endings that marks the family. The -ar family's endings run on a (hablas, habla); the -er family's run on e (comes, come). Swap the vowel and you have switched engines.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
The vowel inside the endings that marks the family. The -ar family's endings run on a (hablas, habla); the -er family's run on e (comes, come). Swap the vowel and you have switched engines.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)
theta (θ)English
The eighth letter: capital Θ, small θ. It says th as in think, and it starts Θεός (theh-OSS), the Greek word for God.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
The eighth letter: capital Θ, small θ. It says th as in think, and it starts Θεός (theh-OSS), the Greek word for God.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
third conjugationEnglish
The short-e verb family: infinitive in unstressed -ere (REG-e-re). Its present tense uses linking vowels i and u: rego, regis, regit... regunt.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
The short-e verb family: infinitive in unstressed -ere (REG-e-re). Its present tense uses linking vowels i and u: rego, regis, regit... regunt.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)
third declensionEnglish
Greek's biggest noun family: consonant-stem nouns like φύλαξ, νύξ and σῶμα. Roughly half the nouns in the language decline this way.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7) · Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
Greek's biggest noun family: consonant-stem nouns like φύλαξ, νύξ and σῶμα. Roughly half the nouns in the language decline this way.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7) · Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)
third-person styleEnglish
Caesar writes of himself by name, 'Caesar did,' never 'I did': the general becomes a character, and the reporting feels impartial even when it is not.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
Caesar writes of himself by name, 'Caesar did,' never 'I did': the general becomes a character, and the reporting feels impartial even when it is not.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
three-pass readingEnglish
The scholar's method: pass one, read aloud for sounds; pass two, mark endings and badges; pass three, translate.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5) · Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
The scholar's method: pass one, read aloud for sounds; pass two, mark endings and badges; pass three, translate.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5) · Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)
tilting at windmillsEnglish
An English saying from this scene: fighting imaginary enemies. To tilt is to charge with a lance, as in a joust.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
An English saying from this scene: fighting imaginary enemies. To tilt is to charge with a lance, as in a joust.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
time adverbsEnglish
Little words that stamp a sentence with its time: heri (yesterday), hodie (today), cras (tomorrow), semper (always), numquam (never).
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
Little words that stamp a sentence with its time: heri (yesterday), hodie (today), cras (tomorrow), semper (always), numquam (never).
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
tria nominaEnglish
Latin for 'three names': the first name, family name and branch name a Roman citizen wore, like Gaius Julius Caesar.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
Latin for 'three names': the first name, family name and branch name a Roman citizen wore, like Gaius Julius Caesar.
Grade 4 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)
túEnglish
The Spanish word for you used with family and close friends. Spanish speaks to God with tú: que estás, tu nombre, tu reino.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
The Spanish word for you used with family and close friends. Spanish speaks to God with tú: que estás, tu nombre, tu reino.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
tu and túEnglish
Tu without an accent means your: tu libro. Tú with an accent means you: tú hablas. The little mark changes the word.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
Tu without an accent means your: tu libro. Tú with an accent means you: tú hablas. The little mark changes the word.
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
two-form adjectivesEnglish
Adjectives not ending in -o, like grande and azul: they keep one form for both families and change only for number: el perro grande, la mesa grande, los perros grandes.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5)
Adjectives not ending in -o, like grande and azul: they keep one form for both families and change only for number: el perro grande, la mesa grande, los perros grandes.
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5)
U
ubi and quoEnglish
The traveler's question pair: ubi, where at (answered with the ablative), and quo, where to (answered with the accusative).
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
The traveler's question pair: ubi, where at (answered with the ablative), and quo, where to (answered with the accusative).
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)
un and unaEnglish
The two little words for a. They follow the same hats: el cuarto, un cuarto; la puerta, una puerta.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
The two little words for a. They follow the same hats: el cuarto, un cuarto; la puerta, una puerta.
Grade 4 Spanish, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)
unaltered textEnglish
The author's own words with nothing simplified or rewritten. Glosses may stand beside it; the text itself is untouched.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
The author's own words with nothing simplified or rewritten. Glosses may stand beside it; the text itself is untouched.
Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)
uncialEnglish
The all-capital bookhand of ancient manuscripts: ΕΙΠΕΝ with no spaces, accents or small letters. Your capital-chanting pays off here.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
The all-capital bookhand of ancient manuscripts: ΕΙΠΕΝ with no spaces, accents or small letters. Your capital-chanting pays off here.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)
uno, dos, tres (OO-noh, DOHS, TREHS)English
One, two, three. The r in tres is a quick tap of the tongue.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
One, two, three. The r in tres is a quick tap of the tongue.
Grade 3 Spanish, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
unusEnglish
One. A unicorn has one horn, and a unicycle one wheel: unus is hiding in both.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
One. A unicorn has one horn, and a unicycle one wheel: unus is hiding in both.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
upsilon (υ)English
The twentieth letter: capital Υ, small υ. It says a tight oo-sound (say oo with smiling lips, like the French u); plain oo is fine this year.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
The twentieth letter: capital Υ, small υ. It says a tight oo-sound (say oo with smiling lips, like the French u); plain oo is fine this year.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
ustedEnglish
You, polite, for elders, strangers, and anyone owed extra respect. Usted takes the same verb form as él and ella: ¿Cómo está usted?
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
You, polite, for elders, strangers, and anyone owed extra respect. Usted takes the same verb form as él and ella: ¿Cómo está usted?
Grade 5 Spanish, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
usted command (the vowel flip)English
A polite command made from the yo form of the present: drop the -o and add the opposite vowel, e for -ar verbs and a for -er and -ir verbs. Hablo becomes hable; como becomes coma; tengo becomes tenga.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
A polite command made from the yo form of the present: drop the -o and add the opposite vowel, e for -ar verbs and a for -er and -ir verbs. Hablo becomes hable; como becomes coma; tengo becomes tenga.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
ustedes commandEnglish
A command to more than one person: the usted command plus -n. Hablen, coman, vengan. In Latin America this serves for family and friends too.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
A command to more than one person: the usted command plus -n. Hablen, coman, vengan. In Latin America this serves for family and friends too.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
uvaEnglish
A grape. First declension: uvam, the grape you buy; uvas, the grapes you carry home.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
A grape. First declension: uvam, the grape you buy; uvas, the grapes you carry home.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)
V
villaEnglish
A big country house with land around it. A casa, by contrast, is a small, simple house or cottage.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
A big country house with land around it. A casa, by contrast, is a small, simple house or cottage.
Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)
vir bonusEnglish
'The good man,' Rome's phrase for a man of complete character; vir (man) is a sight word on loan from a later declension.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
'The good man,' Rome's phrase for a man of complete character; vir (man) is a sight word on loan from a later declension.
Grade 6 Latin, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)
vocabularyEnglish
Your growing stock of Latin words. Each one goes on a flashcard, Latin on the front, English on the back.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)
Your growing stock of Latin words. Each one goes on a flashcard, Latin on the front, English on the back.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)
vocative (sight)English
The calling-case, used to address someone: θεά, O goddess. Mentioned as a sight form only; the four cases you chant remain the working set.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
The calling-case, used to address someone: θεά, O goddess. Mentioned as a sight form only; the four cases you chant remain the working set.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)
vosEnglish
The everyday word for you in Argentina, Uruguay and parts of Central America, in place of tú, with its own stressed endings: vos hablás, vos comés, vos sos.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
The everyday word for you in Argentina, Uruguay and parts of Central America, in place of tú, with its own stressed endings: vos hablás, vos comés, vos sos.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
vosotrosEnglish
Spain's word for you all among family and friends, with its own verb endings: vosotros habláis, coméis, vivís. Latin America uses ustedes for every group, and so does this course.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
Spain's word for you all among family and friends, with its own verb endings: vosotros habláis, coméis, vivís. Latin America uses ustedes for every group, and so does this course.
Grade 8 Spanish, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)
vowelEnglish
A letter for an open, singable sound: ah, eh, oh. The Greeks were the first to give every vowel its own letter.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3) · Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4) · Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
A letter for an open, singable sound: ah, eh, oh. The Greeks were the first to give every vowel its own letter.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3) · Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4) · Grade 3 Latin, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)
voxEnglish
Voice: vox, vocis, f., a third-declension noun. English keeps it in vocal, voice and vocation, a calling.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
Voice: vox, vocis, f., a third-declension noun. English keeps it in vocal, voice and vocation, a calling.
Grade 7 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)
VulgateEnglish
Jerome's Latin translation of the whole Bible, finished about A.D. 405. The name comes from vulgata, 'for the common people,' because it was written in everyday Latin.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
Jerome's Latin translation of the whole Bible, finished about A.D. 405. The name comes from vulgata, 'for the common people,' because it was written in everyday Latin.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Latin, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
W
wax tabletEnglish
A wooden board with a shallow tray of wax: the Greek student's reusable notebook. Write with a point, erase by smoothing the wax.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
A wooden board with a shallow tray of wax: the Greek student's reusable notebook. Write with a point, erase by smoothing the wax.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
wax tablet (tabula)English
A wooden frame filled with a thin layer of wax. Students scratched letters into it with a stylus and smoothed the wax flat to erase.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
A wooden frame filled with a thin layer of wax. Students scratched letters into it with a stylus and smoothed the wax flat to erase.
Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)
word orderEnglish
English's cage and Greek's playground: Greek endings carry the jobs, so Greek can rearrange for emphasis without changing who does what.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
English's cage and Greek's playground: Greek endings carry the jobs, so Greek can rearrange for emphasis without changing who does what.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5) · Grade 5 Latin, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
word piece (root)English
A meaning-carrying part you can spot inside many words: ἵππος (horse) rides inside hippopotamus and hippodrome.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
A meaning-carrying part you can spot inside many words: ἵππος (horse) rides inside hippopotamus and hippodrome.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)
written accent (la tilde)English
The little slanted mark over a vowel (á, é, í, ó, ú) that shows where the stress falls when a word breaks the usual rule. In the past tense it often carries meaning: hablo, I speak; habló, he spoke.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
The little slanted mark over a vowel (á, é, í, ó, ú) that shows where the stress falls when a word breaks the usual rule. In the past tense it often carries meaning: hablo, I speak; habló, he spoke.
Grade 7 Spanish, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)
X
xi (ξ)English
The fourteenth letter: capital Ξ, small ξ. It says x as in box, a whole ks-sound in one squiggly letter.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
The fourteenth letter: capital Ξ, small ξ. It says x as in box, a whole ks-sound in one squiggly letter.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)
Y
y cuarto, y mediaEnglish
Quarter past and half past: son las tres y cuarto (3:15), son las tres y media (3:30). Any minutes can be added with y: son las ocho y veinte (8:20).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
Quarter past and half past: son las tres y cuarto (3:15), son las tres y media (3:30). Any minutes can be added with y: son las ocho y veinte (8:20).
Grade 6 Spanish, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
Z
zeta (ζ)English
The sixth letter: capital Ζ, small ζ. It says dz (or z), a little buzz, as at the end of adze or in zigzag.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
The sixth letter: capital Ζ, small ζ. It says dz (or z), a little buzz, as at the end of adze or in zigzag.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)
Α
ΑΘΕEnglish
The letters on the owl coins of Athens, short for 'of the Athenians.' Money that says whose it is, in letters you can read.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
The letters on the owl coins of Athens, short for 'of the Athenians.' Money that says whose it is, in letters you can read.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)
αὔριονEnglish
Tomorrow: a sight adverb to drop in front of future verbs. αὔριον γράψω, tomorrow I will write.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
Tomorrow: a sight adverb to drop in front of future verbs. αὔριον γράψω, tomorrow I will write.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)
Β
βαπτίζωEnglish
(bap-TID-zo) 'I dip, I plunge': the plain Greek word behind baptize.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
(bap-TID-zo) 'I dip, I plunge': the plain Greek word behind baptize.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
βιβλίαEnglish
(bib-LEE-a) 'The books.' English turned it into Bible: the Book that is a library of books.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
(bib-LEE-a) 'The books.' English turned it into Bible: the Book that is a library of books.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
Ε
ἔσταιEnglish
A sight form: he, she or it WILL BE. The future of εἰμί sends this one scout ahead; the full chant comes in a later grade.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
A sight form: he, she or it WILL BE. The future of εἰμί sends this one scout ahead; the full chant comes in a later grade.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)
ἐλέησονEnglish
(e-LE-ay-son) 'Have mercy!', a one-word plea for compassion and help.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
(e-LE-ay-son) 'Have mercy!', a one-word plea for compassion and help.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
ἐποίησενEnglish
He made: a sight form this week, given whole. It is the aorist of ποιέω, a contract verb; the family is introduced properly in Unit 2.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
He made: a sight form this week, given whole. It is the aorist of ποιέω, a contract verb; the family is introduced properly in Unit 2.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)
ἑβδομήκονταEnglish
Greek for seventy (a sight word, read whole). The Seventy of the famous account gave the Septuagint its name.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
Greek for seventy (a sight word, read whole). The Seventy of the famous account gave the Septuagint its name.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)
εἶναιEnglish
To be: the infinitive of εἰμί, irregular as always. The most important single infinitive in the language.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
To be: the infinitive of εἰμί, irregular as always. The most important single infinitive in the language.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
Η
ἦνEnglish
Sight word: 'was,' the past of ἐστίν. You will conjugate its family in grade 6; this year, read it whole.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
Sight word: 'was,' the past of ἐστίν. You will conjugate its family in grade 6; this year, read it whole.
Grade 5 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)
Θ
θέλωEnglish
I want, I will: a regular verb on the λύω rails that loves an infinitive beside it: γράφειν θέλω, I want to write.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
I want, I will: a regular verb on the λύω rails that loves an infinitive beside it: γράφειν θέλω, I want to write.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)
Ι
ἱστορίαEnglish
Greek for inquiry: asking, checking, finding out. Herodotus used it as his book's name, and it became our word history.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
Greek for inquiry: asking, checking, finding out. Herodotus used it as his book's name, and it became our word history.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)
ΙΧΘΥΣEnglish
Greek for FISH, said ich-THOOS. Its five letters begin five Greek words meaning Jesus Christ, God's Son, Savior: the early church's secret sign.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
Greek for FISH, said ich-THOOS. Its five letters begin five Greek words meaning Jesus Christ, God's Son, Savior: the early church's secret sign.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)
Κ
καίEnglish
Greek for and, said KYE (rhymes with sky). Your first whole Greek word: kappa, alpha, iota, three letters you own.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
Greek for and, said KYE (rhymes with sky). Your first whole Greek word: kappa, alpha, iota, three letters you own.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)
ΚύριεEnglish
(KU-ri-e) 'Lord!', the calling-out form of Lord, the word the blind men used to hail Jesus.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
(KU-ri-e) 'Lord!', the calling-out form of Lord, the word the blind men used to hail Jesus.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)
ΚύριοςEnglish
Lord. In the Septuagint, Κύριος stands in place of God's own holy Name, which is why English Bibles print LORD in capitals in Psalm 23. It declines like λόγος; you met it in grade 5 as ὁ κύριος.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
Lord. In the Septuagint, Κύριος stands in place of God's own holy Name, which is why English Bibles print LORD in capitals in Psalm 23. It declines like λόγος; you met it in grade 5 as ὁ κύριος.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)
Π
ΠέτροςEnglish
Peter, said PEH-tross. It means Rock: the name Jesus gave Simon the fisherman.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
Peter, said PEH-tross. It means Rock: the name Jesus gave Simon the fisherman.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
Σ
ΣοφίαEnglish
Sophia, said so-FEE-ah. It means wisdom; Proverbs tells us to seek her like treasure.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
Sophia, said so-FEE-ah. It means wisdom; Proverbs tells us to seek her like treasure.
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
στάδιονEnglish
The sprint race and the track it ran on, about 200 yards: the games' oldest event, and the word inside English stadium. A games-day sign, read by sight.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
The sprint race and the track it ran on, about 200 yards: the games' oldest event, and the word inside English stadium. A games-day sign, read by sight.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
στέφανοςEnglish
The victor's wreath or crown, cut at Olympia from wild olive: a prize worth no money and more than money.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
The victor's wreath or crown, cut at Olympia from wild olive: a prize worth no money and more than money.
Grade 6 Greek, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)
Τ
τί;English
What? and also Why? The asking-word for things and reasons, τίς's neuter partner.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
What? and also Why? The asking-word for things and reasons, τίς's neuter partner.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
τίς;English
Who? The Greek asking-word for persons. It keeps its acute accent always; a question word never lowers its voice.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
Who? The Greek asking-word for persons. It keeps its acute accent always; a question word never lowers its voice.
Grade 7 Greek, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)
Φ
φαίνειEnglish
Shines: a plain present, he, she or it shines, on the λύει pattern. In John 1:5 the light is still shining.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
Shines: a plain present, he, she or it shines, on the λύει pattern. In John 1:5 the light is still shining.
Grade 8 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)
ΦίλιπποςEnglish
Philip, said FEE-lip-poss. It means horse-lover: phil (loving) + hippos (horse).
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
Philip, said FEE-lip-poss. It means horse-lover: phil (loving) + hippos (horse).
Grade 3 Greek, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)
Χ
ΧριστόςEnglish
(chris-TOSS) 'The Anointed One': a title, Greek for the Hebrew Messiah, not a surname.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)
(chris-TOSS) 'The Anointed One': a title, Greek for the Hebrew Messiah, not a surname.
Grade 4 Greek, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)