Grade 9 College Vocabulary, Week 22

Definition: To subdue by force; to restrain or hold back a feeling.

From the reading: "And thrice repress’d his rage; strong gales supplied, And push’d the vessel o’er the swelling tide." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

suppress, subdue, restrain

Antonyms:

release, express

Root:Pref. re- + press. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: To instigate or stir up trouble or discord.

From the reading: "The leech, unknowing of superior art Which aids the cure, with this foments the part; And in a moment ceas’d the raging smart." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

instigate, incite, stir up

Antonyms:

quell, calm

Root:Latin fomentum, a warm poultice, from fovere, to warm: to keep warm, to stir up trouble.

Definition: To be present in large numbers, so as to cause damage or disease.

From the reading: "These are the foreign foes, whose impious band, Like that rapacious bird, infest our land: But soon, like him, they shall be forc’d to sea By strength united, and forego the prey." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

overrun, plague, swarm

Antonyms:

(none exact)

Root:Latin infestus. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: To spoil the surface or appearance of.

From the reading: "Did I with fire the Trojan town deface, Or hinder from return your exil’d race?" (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

disfigure, mar, vandalize

Antonyms:

adorn

Root:Old English defacen to disfigure, efface, Old French desfacier; Latin dis- + facies face. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: To remove a need or difficulty; to prevent.

From the reading: "The Trojans, Tuscans, and Arcadian line, With equal courage obviate their design." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

prevent, avert, preclude

Antonyms:

necessitate

Root:Latin obviare; ob (see Ob-) + viare to go, from via way. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: To lie or move abjectly on the ground; to act in a humiliatingly servile way.

From the reading: "But Palmus from behind receives his wound; Hamstring’d he falls, and grovels on the ground: His crest and armour, from his body torn, Thy shoulders, Lausus, and thy head adorn." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

cringe, fawn, kowtow

Antonyms:

(none exact)

Root:Middle English grufelinge, face down (Old Norse a grufu, prone): to lie face down; to fawn.

Definition: To swell or cause to swell by pressure from inside.

From the reading: "And now the fatal news by Fame is blown Thro’ the short circuit of th’ Arcadian town, Of Pallas slain—by Fame, which just before His triumphs on distended pinions bore." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

swell, bloat, dilate

Antonyms:

shrink, contract

Root:Latin distendere, to stretch apart, from dis-, apart + tendere, to stretch: to swell outward.

Definition: To lower in quality, value, or character.

From the reading: "Meantime proceed to fill the people’s ears With false reports, their minds with panic fears: Extol the strength of a twice-conquer’d race; Our foes encourage, and our friends debase." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

degrade, corrupt, cheapen

Antonyms:

ennoble, elevate

Root:Pref. de- + base. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: To put poison on or into; to fill with bitterness.

From the reading: "Next him, the huntsman Amycus he kill’d, In darts envenom’d and in poison skill’d." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

embitter, acerbate, poison

Antonyms:

(none exact)

Root:Old English envenimen, French envenimer; pref. en- (Latin in) + French venin poison. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Inclined to avoid argument or violent conflict; free from disturbance.

From the reading: "A peaceable settlement is out of reach, because of the confession it would imply." (Ben-Hur)

Synonyms:

peaceful, gentle, conciliatory

Antonyms:

quarrelsome, belligerent

Root:Old French paisible, from pais, peace.

Definition: A thing that provides resistance or delay; an obstruction.

From the reading: "Fierce Abas first he slew; Abas, the stay Of Trojan hopes, and hindrance of the day." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

obstacle, impediment, hurdle

Antonyms:

help, aid

Root:. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: A written message addressed to a person or organization.

From the reading: "With poles and missive weapons, from afar, The Trojans keep aloof the rising war." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

letter, message, epistle

Antonyms:

(none exact)

Root:. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: A wicked or illegal act.

From the reading: "Chas’d from a throne, abandon’d, and exil’d For foul misdeeds, were punishments too mild: I ow’d my people these, and, from their hate, With less resentment could have borne my fate." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

offense, wrongdoing, sin

Antonyms:

good deed

Root:Old English (Anglo-Saxon) misd. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: (of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful.

From the reading: "The steed he press’d Was proud with trappings, and his brawny chest With scales of gilded brass was cover’d o’er; A robe of Tyrian dye the rider wore." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

hefty, muscular, powerful

Antonyms:

weak

Root:brawn, muscle (Old French braon, a slice of meat, of Germanic origin) + -y: muscular.

Definition: To play roughly and energetically.

From the reading: "And Uncle Ben's manner last night was so dry, when we tried to romp and to lead him out, that it was much worse than Jamaica ginger grated into a poor sprayed finger." (Lorna Doone)

Synonyms:

frolic, gambol, frisk

Antonyms:

(none exact)

Root:perhaps alteration of ramp.

Definition: Never to be broken, infringed, or dishonored.

From the reading: "Think on a king’s inviolable word; And think on Turnus, her once plighted lord: To this false foreigner you give your throne, And wrong a friend, a kinsman, and a son." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

sacrosanct, unassailable, untouchable

Antonyms:

violable, vulnerable, profane

Root:Latin inviolabilis: compare French inviolable. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Completely happy and contented.

From the reading: "This youth (the blissful vision of a day) Shall just be shown on earth, and snatch’d away." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

joyful, happy, serene

Antonyms:

miserable

Root:bliss (Old English bliths, joy, from blithe, glad) + -ful: full of joy.

Definition: Chance or luck as a force in human affairs; a large amount of wealth.

From the reading: "Love was the fault of his fam’d ancestry, Whose forms and fortunes in his ensigns fly." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

luck, chance, hazard

Antonyms:

(none exact)

Root:French fortune, Latin fortuna; akin to fors, fortis, chance, prob. from ferre to bear, bring. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: The state or quality of being serious and dignified.

From the reading: "Aeneas erects a trophy of the spoils of Mezentius, grants a truce for burying the dead, and sends home the body of Pallas with great solemnity." (The Aeneid)

KJV link: "And Moses commanded them, saying, At the end of every seven years, in the solemnity of the year of release, in the feast of tabernacles," (Deuteronomy 31:10)

Synonyms:

gravity, dignity, seriousness

Antonyms:

levity, frivolity

Root:Latin solemnitas, solennitas: compare French solennité, solemnité, Old French also sollempnité. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: An event that is experienced as indicating important things to come.

From the reading: "Dire auguries from hence the Trojans draw; Till neither fires nor shining shores they saw." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

omen, sign, portent

Antonyms:

(none exact)

Root:Latin aucurium. (Webster, 1913)