Grade 9 College Vocabulary, Week 21

Definition: To deny any responsibility for or connection with.

From the reading: "Ambitious Turnus in the press appears, And, aggravating crimes, augments their fears; Proclaims his private injuries aloud, A solemn promise made, and disavow’d; A foreign son is sought, and a mix’d mungril brood." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

deny, disclaim, repudiate

Antonyms:

avow, acknowledge

Root:French désavouer; pref. dés- (Latin dis-) + avouer to avow. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Forming a pleasing or consistent whole; free from disagreement.

From the reading: "The Thracian bard, surrounded by the rest, There stands conspicuous in his flowing vest; His flying fingers, and harmonious quill, Strikes sev’n distinguish’d notes, and sev’n at once they fill." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

concordant, peaceful, melodious

Antonyms:

discordant, quarrelsome

Root:Cf. French harmonieux. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Done, occurring, or active at night.

From the reading: "Late the nocturnal sacrifice begun, Nor ended till the next returning sun." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

nighttime, nightly

Antonyms:

diurnal

Root:Latin nocturnalis, nocturnus, from nox, noctis, night. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Green with grass or other rich vegetation.

From the reading: "These holy rites perform’d, they took their way Where long extended plains of pleasure lay: The verdant fields with those of heav’n may vie, With ether vested, and a purple sky; The blissful seats of happy souls below." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

green, leafy, lush

Antonyms:

barren, arid

Root:Old French verdoiant, growing green, from Latin viridis, green: green with growth.

Definition: To lean or lie back in a relaxed position.

From the reading: "There good Sabinus, planter of the vines, On a short pruning hook his head reclines, And studiously surveys his gen’rous wines; Then warlike kings, who for their country fought, And honourable wounds from battle brought." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

lean back, lie down, repose

Antonyms:

(none exact)

Root:Latin reclinare; pref. re- re- + clinare to lean, incline. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: To spread and promote an idea or belief widely; to breed or reproduce.

From the reading: "Afric and India shall his pow’r obey; He shall extend his propagated sway Beyond the solar year, without the starry way, Where Atlas turns the rolling heav’ns around, And his broad shoulders with their lights are crown’d." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

spread, disseminate; breed

Antonyms:

suppress

Root:Latin propagare, to set slips for growing plants, from propago, a shoot (pro-, forth + pangere, to fasten): to spread.

Definition: Lying face upward; failing to act or protest because of laziness.

From the reading: "Thou see’st the foe secure; how faintly shine Their scatter’d fires! the most, in sleep supine Along the ground, an easy conquest lie: The wakeful few the fuming flagon ply; All hush’d around." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

prostrate; passive, inert

Antonyms:

prone; active

Root:Latin supinus, akin to sub under, super above. Cf. Sub-, Super-. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Relating to autumn; past the prime of life.

From the reading: "He look’d in years; yet in his years were seen A youthful vigour and autumnal green." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

fall, late

Antonyms:

vernal

Root:Latin auctumnalis, autumnalis: compare French automnal. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Full of knots; extremely difficult or intricate.

From the reading: "One with a brand yet burning from the flame, Arm’d with a knotty club another came: Whate’er they catch or find, without their care, Their fury makes an instrument of war." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

difficult, complex, thorny

Antonyms:

simple

Root:knot (Old English cnotta) + -y: full of knots; hard to untie or solve.

Definition: To be a sign of a future outcome; to foretell.

From the reading: "The feather’d arrow gave a dire portent, And latter augurs judge from this event." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

portend, presage, foreshadow

Antonyms:

(none exact)

Root:Latin Of uncertain origin: the first part of the word is perh. from Latin avis bird, and the last syllable, gur, equiv. to the Skr. gar to call, akin to Latin garrulus garrulous. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Able to be drawn out into a thin wire; easily led or influenced.

From the reading: "Some hammer helmets for the fighting field; Some twine young sallows to support the shield; The croslet some, and some the cuishes mould, With silver plated, and with ductile gold." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

pliable, malleable, tractable

Antonyms:

brittle, intractable

Root:Latin ductilis, from ducere to lead: compare French ductile. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Unable to be penetrated; unable to be affected.

From the reading: "The monster Cacus, more than half a beast, This hold, impervious to the sun, possess’d." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

impenetrable, impermeable, immune

Antonyms:

pervious, vulnerable

Root:Latin impervius; pref. im- not + per through + via way. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: So good or unusual as to be impossible to copy.

From the reading: "Ambitious fool! with horny hoofs to pass O’er hollow arches of resounding brass, To rival thunder in its rapid course, And imitate inimitable force!" (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

matchless, unique, peerless

Antonyms:

ordinary

Root:Latin inimitabilis: compare French inimitable. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: To deliver to someone's keeping; to assign to an undesirable place.

From the reading: "Thus was his friend interr’d; and deathless fame Still to the lofty cape consigns his name." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

commit, entrust, relegate

Antonyms:

(none exact)

Root:French consigner, Latin consignare, -signatu,, to seal or sign; con- + signare, from signum mark. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: To erase a mark from a surface; to make oneself appear unimportant.

From the reading: "Nor our admission shall your realm disgrace, Nor length of time our gratitude efface." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

erase, obliterate, blot out

Antonyms:

(none exact)

Root:French effacer; pref. es- (Latin ex) + face face; prop., to destroy the face or form. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Causing shame; not famous or renowned.

From the reading: "He takes the cowards’ last relief away; For fly they cannot, and, constrain’d to stay, Must yield unfought, a base inglorious prey." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

shameful, ignominious, dishonorable

Antonyms:

glorious, honorable

Root:Latin inglorious; pref. in- not + gloria glory, fame: compare French inglorieux. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Lacking elegance or charm; without manners.

From the reading: "The graceless monster, caught in open day, Inclos’d, and in despair to fly away, Howls horrible from underneath, and fills His hollow palace with unmanly yells." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

awkward, clumsy, ungracious

Antonyms:

graceful, gracious

Root:grace (Latin gratia, favor, from gratus, pleasing) + -less: without grace.

Definition: Easily bent; easily influenced.

From the reading: "One on his youth and pliant limbs relies; One on his sinews and his giant size." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

flexible, supple, docile

Antonyms:

rigid, stubborn

Root:French pliant, present participle of plier to bend. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: Spending much time in study; done with careful attention.

From the reading: "With studious thought observ’d th’ illustrious throng, In nature’s order as they pass’d along: Their names, their fates, their conduct, and their care, In peaceful senates and successful war." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

scholarly, bookish, diligent

Antonyms:

careless, idle

Root:Latin studious: compare French studieux. (Webster, 1913)

Definition: To feel or express strong disapproval of.

From the reading: "With groans and cries Misenus they deplore: Then on a bier, with purple cover’d o’er, The breathless body, thus bewail’d, they lay, And fire the pile, their faces turn’d away: Such reverend rites their fathers us’d to pay." (The Aeneid)

Synonyms:

condemn, lament, decry

Antonyms:

approve, praise

Root:Latin deplorare; de- + plorare to cry out, wail, lament; prob. akin to pluere to rain, and to English flow: compare French déplorer. Cf. Flow. (Webster, 1913)