English terms: PE & Health

10-repetition load (10RM)English
The heaviest load you can lift 10 times with good form; DeLorme based his whole method on it. We estimate it by stopping at 10 good reps, never by testing a single maximal lift.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 9)

10-repetition maximum (10RM)English
DeLorme’s measure: the most resistance you could lift exactly 10 times with good form. In this course we use a safer “10-rep level”: a load or version you can do 10 times with good form and 2 reps still in reserve.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)

2-for-2 ruleEnglish
An NSCA progression guide: if you can do 2 or more reps beyond your goal in the last set in two workouts in a row, add a little load next time.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 12)

5KEnglish
A race of 5 kilometers, about 3.1 miles, the most popular race distance for beginners and families.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)

A band and I bandEnglish
The dark band (the length of the thick myosin filaments) and the light band (thin filaments only); in contraction the A band stays the same length while the I band shortens.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 9)

acclimatizationEnglish
The body’s gradual adjustment to heat over 1–2 weeks: earlier and heavier sweating with less salt, a lower heart rate and better cooling.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 12)

actin and myosinEnglish
The two main contractile proteins: thin actin filaments anchored at the Z lines, and thick myosin filaments in the middle whose heads pull on the actin.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 9)

activeEnglish
Moving your body: running, jumping, climbing, hopping and playing.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 1) · Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 2)

adenosineEnglish
A chemical that builds up in the brain while you are awake and makes you feel sleepy by binding to adenosine receptors.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 10)

adherenceEnglish
Sticking with a plan over time. The best plan is the one you will actually follow.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 12)

aerobicEnglish
Steady exercise that makes your heart and lungs work harder for a while, like running, skipping, swimming or jumping rope.
Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 2) · Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6) · +1 more

aerobic baseEnglish
A foundation of endurance built by many weeks of steady, easy-to-moderate training, on which faster training can later be built.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 10)

aerobic enduranceEnglish
The ability to keep moving at a steady pace for a long time, using oxygen to make energy.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)

aerobic exerciseEnglish
Steady exercise, like walking fast, jogging, skipping or biking, that makes your heart and lungs work harder for a while.
Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)

agilityEnglish
How quickly you can change direction while keeping your balance, as in a shuttle run or a game of tag.
Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4) · Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)

amortization phaseEnglish
The brief moment between landing and takeoff. The shorter it is, the more stored elastic energy and reflex help are used.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 11)

anaerobic capacityEnglish
The total energy the body can produce without enough oxygen in a short, all-out effort; Tabata measured it as the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 10)

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)English
A strong band inside the knee that connects the thighbone to the shinbone and keeps the shin from sliding forward or twisting too far.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 11)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)English
A hormone from the pituitary gland that tells the kidneys to hold on to water when the blood becomes too concentrated.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 10) · Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 11) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 9)

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)English
The molecule cells use as ready energy; splitting off one phosphate releases energy for muscle contraction and other work.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 9)

a–v oxygen differenceEnglish
The difference between the oxygen in arterial blood and in venous blood returning to the heart: how much oxygen the tissues took out of each liter.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 9)

BabylonEnglish
A great city long ago, ruled by King Nebuchadnezzar, where Daniel was taken as a young man.
Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 2)

baseline testEnglish
A measurement at the start of a plan, repeated the same way at the end to see progress.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 12)

batonEnglish
A short stick a relay runner carries and hands to the next runner.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 1)

bear crawlEnglish
Walking on hands and feet with your knees just off the floor and your back flat, like a bear.
Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade K)

blinded testEnglish
A test in which the subject (and ideally the tester) does not know which treatment is real, so expectations cannot affect the result.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 10)

bloodEnglish
The red liquid that your heart pumps through your body. It carries air and food to every part of you.
Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade K)

blood glucoseEnglish
The sugar carried in the blood, fuel for the brain and working muscles, kept steady by the liver and by hormones such as insulin.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 11)

blood volumeEnglish
The total amount of blood in your body. Its liquid part, plasma, is mostly water, so losing water lowers blood volume.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)

bonesEnglish
The hard parts inside your body that hold you up and protect your heart, lungs and brain.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 1) · Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade K)

bone-strengthening activityEnglish
Activity with jumping or impact that makes bones stronger: running, hopping, skipping, jumping rope.
Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 9)

bumpEnglish
A volleyball pass made with your forearms held together like a flat platform.
Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)

caffeineEnglish
A stimulant drug found naturally in coffee, tea, cacao and guarana, and added to sodas and energy drinks.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 10)

calisthenicsEnglish
Exercises done with your own body weight and little or no equipment, such as squats, push-ups, bends and reaches. Ling helped make them popular.
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)

canteenEnglish
A bottle or flask for carrying drinking water on a journey.
Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)

capillariesEnglish
The tiniest blood vessels, where oxygen passes from the blood into the muscle. Endurance training adds more of them around each muscle fiber.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 10)

cardiac catheterEnglish
A narrow, flexible tube passed through a blood vessel into the heart to measure pressures, take blood samples or give medicine.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)

cardiac outputEnglish
The volume of blood the heart pumps in one minute, usually in liters per minute. Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)

cardiac output (Q)English
The volume of blood the heart pumps each minute: stroke volume × heart rate; about 5 L/min at rest and 20 L/min or more in hard exercise.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 9)

cardiorespiratory enduranceEnglish
The ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to supply oxygen to working muscles for a long time.
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)

carryEnglish
To hold something and take it from one place to another.
Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade K)

cholecystokinin (CCK)English
A hormone released by the small intestine when food arrives, which helps digestion and signals fullness.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 12)

circadian rhythmEnglish
The body’s roughly 24-hour cycle of sleepiness and alertness, body temperature and hormones, run by a master clock in the brain and set each day mainly by light.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 11)

coaching cueEnglish
A short word or phrase that reminds a learner what to do, such as “push the floor away.”
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 12)

cohort studyEnglish
A study that follows a large group of people (a cohort) over many years, measuring them again and again to see who develops a disease and what was different about them.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)

cold-water immersionEnglish
Cooling an overheated athlete by placing the body up to the neck in a tub of ice water, the fastest method; the rule is “cool first, transport second.”
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 11) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 9)

compound (multi-joint) exerciseEnglish
An exercise that moves several joints and large muscle groups at once, such as a squat, a hinge or a row.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 12)

confounding factorEnglish
A hidden difference between groups that might explain a result instead of the factor being studied.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 10)

coordinationEnglish
Making different parts of your body work together, like your eyes and hands when you catch a ball.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 1) · Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3) · Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)

core temperatureEnglish
The temperature deep inside the body, normally about 98.6°F (37°C). Above about 104°F (40°C) during exercise, with confusion or collapse, is exertional heat stroke.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 11)

coronary heart diseaseEnglish
A sickness in which the blood vessels that feed the heart muscle become narrow, which can lead to a heart attack.
Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)

CPAT (Candidate Physical Ability Test)English
A pass/fail test of eight firefighting tasks done in order while wearing a weighted vest, within 10 minutes 20 seconds.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 12)

criterion-referenced standardEnglish
A score linked to good health (FitnessGram calls the range the Healthy Fitness Zone), rather than a ranking against other people.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 9)

cross-bridgeEnglish
The attachment of a myosin head to actin; each cycle of attach, pull (power stroke), release (using ATP) and re-cock moves the filaments a few nanometers.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 9)

deep (slow-wave) sleepEnglish
The deepest stage of sleep, most common early in the night, when growth hormone is released and the body does much of its physical repair.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 11)

deloadEnglish
A planned easier week with less volume, which lets the body recover and adapt before the next block.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 10)

dietary supplementEnglish
A product taken by mouth that contains a “dietary ingredient” such as vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids or extracts, sold as pills, powders, drinks or bars.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 10)

Double DutchEnglish
A jump-rope game with two long ropes turned in opposite directions while a jumper jumps in the middle.
Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 2)

double progressionEnglish
A simple plan: add reps until you reach the top of your rep range with good form, then add a little resistance and start again at the bottom of the range.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)

droopEnglish
To sag and hang down. A plant droops when it has not had enough water.
Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade K)

DSHEAEnglish
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, the U.S. law under which supplements are regulated more like foods than drugs: makers are responsible for safety, and the FDA does not approve them before sale.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 10)

dynamic stretchingEnglish
Moving joints through their range in a controlled, repeated way, such as leg swings and walking lunges.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 10) · Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)

eat a rainbowEnglish
To eat fruits and vegetables of many different colors each day.
Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade K)

eccrine sweat glandsEnglish
The millions of small sweat glands over most of your skin that release watery sweat for cooling.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)

effort and loadEnglish
The effort is the force that moves the lever (in the body, a muscle pulling through its tendon). The load is what is being moved (your body part plus anything you hold).
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)

electrolyteEnglish
A mineral that carries an electric charge in body fluids, such as sodium, potassium and chloride.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 10) · Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)

electrolytesEnglish
Minerals such as sodium and potassium that dissolve in body water and help nerves and muscles work. Some leave the body in sweat.
Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5) · Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)

energy drinkEnglish
A drink sold for “energy” that contains large amounts of caffeine (often 80–300 mg a can), usually with added sugar and other stimulants. It is not the same as a sports drink.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 10)

energy expenditureEnglish
How much energy the body uses in a day. Hard physical work raises it greatly.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)

energy systemsEnglish
The three ways muscles remake ATP: the phosphagen system (about the first 10 seconds), anaerobic glycolysis (about 10 seconds to 2 minutes) and the aerobic system (longer efforts).
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 9)

essential amino acidEnglish
One of 9 amino acids the body cannot make, so it must come from food.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 10)

estimated maximumEnglish
A prediction of the most a person could lift once, calculated from a set of several reps; it lets coaches plan loads without dangerous maximum-lift testing.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 11)

estimated one-rep strengthEnglish
A calculated figure for tracking progress, found from a set of reps. The Epley formula: weight × (1 + reps ÷ 30). It is never tested by lifting a maximum.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 12)

estimated strengthEnglish
A calculated estimate of a lifter’s maximum from a lighter set of several reps. In this course it stays a number on paper and is never tested.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 10)

evaporative coolingEnglish
Cooling that happens when sweat turns to vapor on the skin and carries heat away. Each liter of sweat that evaporates removes a large amount of heat.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 10)

even paceEnglish
Running every part of a race at about the same speed instead of starting fast and slowing down.
Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)

even pacingEnglish
Running every section of a race at about the same speed, the most energy-efficient way to cover a distance.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 11) · Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)

everyday drinkEnglish
A drink that is good for you to have every day. Water and milk are everyday drinks.
Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade K)

exercise-associated hyponatremiaEnglish
A dangerously low level of sodium in the blood (below 135 millimoles per liter) during or after exercise, usually caused by drinking far more fluid than is lost.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 10) · Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 11)

exertional heat strokeEnglish
A life-threatening emergency in which the body overheats during exercise, with core temperature above about 104°F (40°C) and signs of brain dysfunction such as confusion, odd behavior or collapse.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 11) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 9)

external focusEnglish
Attention on the effect of a movement in the world (the floor, the bar, a target) rather than on body parts; it usually helps learning.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 12)

fast-twitch fiber (Type II)English
A fiber that contracts quickly and powerfully but tires sooner. It relies more on quick energy that does not need oxygen.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)

Fick equationEnglish
VO₂ = cardiac output × the difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood (how much oxygen the heart pumps out × how much the muscles take from it).
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 11)

Fick principleEnglish
Adolf Fick’s 1870 idea: blood flow can be calculated from the oxygen the body takes in each minute and the difference in oxygen between blood going to and coming from the lungs.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 9)

FITTEnglish
Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type: the four dials of any training plan.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 12)

FITT principleEnglish
A way to plan training by choosing four things: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long) and Type (what kind of exercise).
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)

food energyEnglish
The energy stored in food that your body uses for every activity. It is measured in calories (on labels, a “calorie” is really a kilocalorie).
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)

foot contactEnglish
Each time a foot (or both feet together) lands in a plyometric drill; coaches count contacts to control the training amount.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 11)

form cueEnglish
A short reminder that helps you move well, such as “chest up” or “straight as a board.”
Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3) · Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)

general adaptation syndromeEnglish
Hans Selye’s description (1936) of how the body responds to stress: alarm, then resistance (adaptation), then exhaustion if the stress is too great for too long.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 10)

glomerular filtrationEnglish
The pressing of water, salts, sugar and wastes out of the blood in the glomerulus into the tubule, about 125 mL every minute (180 L a day).
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 9)

glow foodsEnglish
Fruits and vegetables full of vitamins that help keep you healthy and strong.
Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 2)

go foodsEnglish
Foods that give quick energy, like bread, rice, pasta, oatmeal, potatoes and fruit. They have carbohydrates.
Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 2)

grow foodsEnglish
Foods that help build muscles and bones, like eggs, meat, fish, beans, nuts, milk and cheese. They have protein.
Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 2)

growing food (everyday food)English
Food that helps your body grow strong and healthy, good to eat every day: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, milk, cheese, yogurt, eggs, beans, meat and fish.
Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade K)

growth hormoneEnglish
A hormone that helps the body grow and repair tissue. Much of it is released during deep sleep.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)

gymnasium (gym)English
A big indoor room for games and exercise.
Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 2)

hard-easy principleEnglish
Following a hard training day with one or more easy days, so the body can recover and adapt. Bowerman made it a rule for his runners.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 12) · Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)

heartbeatEnglish
The thump you feel each time your heart squeezes and pumps blood.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 1) · Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 2) · Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade K)

heart-rate recoveryEnglish
How much the heart rate falls in the first minute after hard exercise stops. It tends to improve as fitness improves.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 10) · Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 9)

heart-rate reserveEnglish
Maximum heart rate minus resting heart rate: the range available for exercise.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 10)

heart-rate reserve (HRR)English
HRmax minus resting heart rate: the range available for exercise.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 12) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 9)

heat acclimatizationEnglish
The set of changes that make the body better at exercising in heat, built by gradually increasing exercise in hot conditions over about 10 to 14 days.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 11) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 9)

heat balanceEnglish
The balance between heat the body gains (from working muscles, hot air and sun) and heat it loses (mostly by evaporating sweat).
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 12)

heat exhaustionEnglish
Heat illness with heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea and cool, clammy skin. Stop, move to shade, cool down and drink.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 12) · Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6) · +3 more

heat indexEnglish
A number from the National Weather Service that combines air temperature and humidity to show how hot it feels; high humidity slows sweat evaporation.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 11) · Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)

heat strokeEnglish
A life-threatening emergency: body temperature very high (about 104°F or more), confusion or collapse, sometimes hot, dry skin. Call 911 and cool the person immediately.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 12) · Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6) · Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)

high-intensity interval training (HIIT)English
Training that alternates short periods of very hard effort with periods of rest or easy movement.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 10)

hip hingeEnglish
Bending forward by pushing the hips back while the spine stays neutral and the knees bend only a little, as in picking up a box or a deadlift.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 10) · Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)

homeostasisEnglish
The body’s work of keeping its internal conditions (temperature, water, salt, sugar, pH) steady within narrow limits; the word was coined by Walter Cannon in 1926.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 9)

hungerEnglish
The body’s signal that it needs food, felt in the stomach and driven by the brain.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 12)

hydratedEnglish
Having enough water in your body.
Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 2) · Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)

hypertrophyEnglish
The growth of muscle fibers in size after repeated training, which happens more as teenagers mature.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)

hyponatremiaEnglish
Too little sodium in the blood, which can happen when a person drinks far more water than he or she loses. It causes headache, nausea, swelling and confusion and can be deadly.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 12) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 9)

hypothalamusEnglish
A small part of the brain that acts as the body’s thermostat, sensing blood temperature and switching on sweating, shivering and changes in blood flow.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)

internal focusEnglish
Attention on one’s own body parts (“bend your knees,” “squeeze your glutes”).
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 12)

interval trainingEnglish
Training with repeated bursts of faster running, each followed by a rest of walking or easy jogging.
Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5) · Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)

job-task analysisEnglish
The careful study of what workers actually do, used to design a fair test that matches the job.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 12)

juniper treeEnglish
In the Bible, a desert bush (a broom tree) big enough to give a little shade. Elijah rested under one.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 1)

Karvonen formulaEnglish
Target heart rate = (maximum HR − resting HR) × percentage + resting HR. Published by the Finnish physician Martti Karvonen and colleagues in 1957.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 10) · Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 12) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 9)

kidneysEnglish
Two bean-shaped parts inside your back that clean your blood and make pee out of extra water.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 1) · Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 2) · Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4) · +1 more

knee valgusEnglish
The knee collapsing inward toward the other knee, often with the hip dropping and the foot turning out; the most dangerous landing position for the ACL.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 11)

lactateEnglish
A product of breaking down glucose quickly for energy. It is produced even at rest, and it is carried to the heart, other muscles and the liver and used as fuel.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 11) · Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)

lactate thresholdEnglish
The exercise intensity above which lactate builds up in the blood faster than it can be cleared, so fatigue comes much sooner.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 11)

lateral ankle sprainEnglish
A stretch or tear of the ligaments on the outside of the ankle when the foot rolls inward, the most common sports injury.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 11)

laws of learningEnglish
Wooden’s teaching steps: explanation, demonstration, imitation and repetition.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 12)

leptinEnglish
A hormone made by fat tissue that tells the brain about the body’s long-term energy stores; discovered in 1994.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 12)

macrocycle, mesocycle, microcycleEnglish
The training year or season (macrocycle), a block of several weeks with one main goal (mesocycle), and a single week or short series of workouts (microcycle).
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 10)

maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max)English
The most oxygen your body can take in and use in a minute during hard exercise. It is one measure of aerobic fitness.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)

maximum heart rateEnglish
The highest number of times your heart can beat in a minute during all-out effort. It is often estimated as 220 minus your age, but real values vary from person to person.
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6) · Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 9)

maximum heart rate (HRmax)English
The highest heart rate a person can reach. Estimated by 220 − age or, more accurately for many people, 208 − 0.7 × age (Tanaka, 2001).
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 12)

MET (metabolic equivalent)English
A unit comparing the energy cost of an activity with sitting quietly at rest. 1 MET is resting; brisk walking is about 3.5 METs; running about 8–10 METs.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 10) · Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 12)

MET-minutesEnglish
METs × minutes. A way to add up the amount of activity across different kinds of exercise.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 10) · Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 12)

microgravityEnglish
The nearly weightless condition astronauts feel in orbit, where they float instead of standing.
Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)

milligram (mg)English
One thousandth of a gram. Sodium and potassium are listed in milligrams on the Nutrition Facts label.
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)

mitochondriaEnglish
Structures inside cells where oxygen is used to release energy from fuel. Aerobic training increases their number in muscle.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 10)

mobilityEnglish
The ability to move a joint actively and with control through its range of motion, using your own muscles.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 10)

moderate activityEnglish
Activity that makes you breathe harder and warms you up, but you can still talk (not sing), like a brisk walk or an easy bike ride.
Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3) · Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5) · +2 more

moderate and vigorous activityEnglish
Moderate activity is about 3.0–5.9 METs (you can talk but not sing); vigorous is 6 METs or more (you can say only a few words without pausing for breath).
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 10)

moderate-intensity activityEnglish
Activity of about 3 to 5.9 METs, such as brisk walking or raking leaves. You can talk but not sing.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 12) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 9)

motor unitEnglish
One nerve cell and all the muscle fibers it controls. The brain turns on more motor units for harder efforts.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7) · Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 9)

moveEnglish
To change where your body is or how it is standing: walking, running, hopping, crawling and climbing are all ways to move.
Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade K)

movement breakEnglish
A short burst of activity (a few minutes) after sitting for a while.
Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3) · Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)

movement patternEnglish
A basic way the body moves under load: squat, hinge, push, pull or carry. Most strength exercises are versions of these.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 10)

movement patternsEnglish
The basic ways the body produces force: squat, hinge, push, pull and carry (with lunges and rotation as further patterns).
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 11)

muscle protein synthesisEnglish
The building of new muscle protein, which rises after strength training when amino acids from food are available.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 10)

muscle spindleEnglish
A tiny sensor inside a muscle that detects stretch and triggers the stretch reflex, a quick contraction that resists sudden stretching.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 10)

musclesEnglish
The parts of your body that pull on your bones to make you move. They get stronger when you use them.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 1) · Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade K)

muscle-strengthening activityEnglish
Work that makes muscles push or pull hard: climbing, push-ups, squats, carrying, tug-of-war.
Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)

muscular enduranceEnglish
The ability of muscles to keep working against a load many times or for a long time without tiring.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 12) · Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)

negative splitEnglish
Running the second half of a race faster than the first half.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 11)

nephronEnglish
One of about a million tiny filtering units in each kidney, made of a glomerulus and a long tubule.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 9)

neuromuscular trainingEnglish
Exercises that train the nervous system and muscles together (strength, balance, jumping and landing, cutting) so the body controls joints automatically.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 11)

neutral spineEnglish
The back held in its natural, gently curved position, neither rounded nor over-arched.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 10) · Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)

nitrogen balanceEnglish
The difference between the nitrogen taken in from protein and the nitrogen lost (mostly as urea in urine), a way to measure protein breakdown.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 10)

non-contact injuryEnglish
An injury that happens without a collision, usually when landing, stopping or cutting. Most ACL tears are non-contact.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 11)

nutrient densityEnglish
How many vitamins, minerals, fiber and protein a food supplies compared with its energy.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 9)

occupational fitness testEnglish
A test of the physical abilities a particular job requires, often made of tasks that copy the real work.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 12)

Olympic GamesEnglish
An international sports festival held every four years. The ancient Games were held in Greece; the modern Games began again at Athens in 1896.
Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)

Oregon TrailEnglish
A wagon road about 2,000 miles long from Missouri to Oregon, used by hundreds of thousands of travelers from the 1840s to the 1860s.
Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)

osmolalityEnglish
A measure of how concentrated the body’s fluids are with dissolved particles, mostly sodium; the brain senses it and adjusts thirst and ADH.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 9)

overtrainingEnglish
Training hard too often without enough rest, so that performance falls, sleep suffers and injuries become more likely.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)

oxygen debtEnglish
Hill’s name for the extra oxygen you keep breathing in after hard exercise, while your body recovers and refills its quick energy stores. Scientists today often call it EPOC.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)

pacerEnglish
A runner who sets a steady speed at the front so another runner can follow it.
Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 9)

pantry stapleEnglish
A low-cost, long-keeping food used in many meals, such as rice, oats, dried beans, flour, canned tomatoes and frozen vegetables.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 11)

peak bone massEnglish
The greatest amount of bone a person ever has, reached in the late teens to twenties; most of it is built before about age 18–20.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 9)

percent Daily Value (%DV)English
On a Nutrition Facts label, how much of a day’s recommended amount of a nutrient one serving provides. For calcium the Daily Value is 1,300 mg; for iron, 18 mg; for vitamin D, 20 mcg.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)

periodizationEnglish
Planning training in cycles, changing volume and intensity over time so the athlete improves steadily and reaches best form when it matters.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 10) · Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 12)

physical activityEnglish
Any movement that makes your body work harder than resting: playing, walking, chores, sports.
Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3) · Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)

physical fitnessEnglish
Your body’s ability to work, play and meet everyday tasks with energy to spare.
Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)

placebo effectEnglish
A real improvement in how a person feels or performs because he expects a treatment to work, even when it has no active effect.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 10)

plankEnglish
Holding your body straight like a board, resting on your hands or elbows and toes (or knees).
Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 2) · Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade K)

plasma volumeEnglish
The amount of the liquid part of the blood. It rises early in acclimatization, giving the heart more blood to pump to both muscles and skin.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 11)

plyometricsEnglish
Jumping, hopping and bounding exercises that train the stretch-shortening cycle; named by the coach Fred Wilt in 1975.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 11)

posterior chainEnglish
The muscles on the back of the body (hamstrings, glutes and back muscles) that do most of the work in a hinge.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)

potassiumEnglish
The main electrolyte inside your cells. It helps your heart keep a steady rhythm and your muscles contract. Found in bananas, potatoes, beans, oranges, milk and leafy greens.
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)

practiceEnglish
Doing something again and again so you get better at it.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 1)

pre-exercise mealEnglish
A meal eaten about 3–4 hours before training, rich in carbohydrate with some protein, and lower in fat and fiber so it digests comfortably.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 11)

processed foodEnglish
Food changed by cooking, canning, salting or combining a few ingredients, such as canned beans, cheese, fresh bread or canned fish.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 9)

progressEnglish
Getting a little better over time, such as one more rep than last time.
Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)

progressive overloadEnglish
Making the work a little harder over time (one more rep, a few more seconds) so the body keeps growing stronger.
Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6) · Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7) · +2 more

progressive resistance exerciseEnglish
DeLorme’s method: working muscles against a resistance that is increased step by step as they grow stronger.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)

proprioceptionEnglish
Your body’s sense of where your joints are and how they are moving, from sensors in muscles, tendons and ligaments; balance training sharpens it.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 11) · Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)

race planEnglish
A written plan for a race: goal time, splits, warm-up, fueling, where to make a move and what to do if things go wrong.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 11)

rating of perceived exertion (RPE)English
A 1–10 scale of how hard an effort feels: 1 is resting, 10 is all-out.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 10) · Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 9)

recovery (deload) weekEnglish
A planned easier week, often about 25–40% less training, that lets the body absorb the work of the weeks before.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 12)

recovery heart rateEnglish
How quickly your heart rate falls after exercise stops. A faster drop is a sign of better aerobic fitness.
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6) · Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)

recovery intervalEnglish
The easy part between work intervals, such as a walk or slow jog, which lets breathing and heart rate come partly down.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)

recovery snackEnglish
Food eaten within about an hour after hard exercise, with carbohydrate to refill glycogen and protein to repair muscle.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)

relay raceEnglish
A race where teammates take turns running, one after the other.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 1)

repEnglish
One time doing an exercise, like one squat. (Short for “repetition.”)
Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 2)

repetition and setEnglish
A repetition (rep) is one complete movement; a set is a group of reps done without resting.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 9)

repetition (rep)English
One complete movement, such as one squat. A set is a group of reps done in a row.
Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3) · Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5) · +2 more

reps in reserve (RIR)English
How many more good reps you could have done at the end of a set. Beginners should finish most sets with 2–3 reps in reserve.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 10) · Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 12)

rest intervalEnglish
The pause between sets that lets your muscles recover enough to do the next set with good form, usually 1–2 minutes.
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 9)

resting metabolic rateEnglish
The energy the body uses at rest to keep the heart beating, the brain working, the body warm and tissues growing and repairing.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 9)

RICEEnglish
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation: first aid for a minor sprain or strain in the first day or two.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)

ricketsEnglish
A disease of growing children in which bones become soft and may bend, caused mainly by too little vitamin D (and sometimes too little calcium).
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)

Riegel’s formulaEnglish
A prediction of race time from another distance: T₂ = T₁ × (D₂ ÷ D₁)1.06.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 11)

risk factorEnglish
A habit or condition that makes a disease more likely, such as smoking, high blood pressure or not being physically active. The Framingham study introduced the term in 1961.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)

running economyEnglish
How much oxygen a runner uses at a given speed; a more economical runner uses less oxygen to run the same pace.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 11)

run-walkEnglish
A way of training in which you jog for a set time, then walk for a set time, and repeat.
Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3) · Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade K)

safe patient handlingEnglish
Using lifts, slides and teamwork so nurses and aides can move patients without injuring the patient or themselves.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 12)

sailorEnglish
A person who works on a ship at sea.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 1)

sarcomereEnglish
The smallest contracting unit of a muscle fiber, about 2–2.5 micrometers long, running from one Z line to the next.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 9)

sedentaryEnglish
Spending most of the time sitting or lying down while awake, with little movement.
Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)

sedentary behaviorEnglish
Any waking activity done sitting or lying with very low energy use (about 1.5 METs or less), such as sitting in class, riding in a car or watching a screen.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 10) · Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 12)

size principleEnglish
The rule, described by Elwood Henneman in 1957, that motor units are recruited from smallest to largest as more force is needed.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 9)

sleep pressureEnglish
The growing drive to sleep that builds the longer you are awake and the more active your day; it is released during sleep.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 11)

slow-twitch fiber (Type I)English
A fiber that contracts more slowly and with less force but resists tiring. It is red with myoglobin and uses oxygen to make energy.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)

SMART goalEnglish
A goal that is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound, such as “Run 3 miles without walking by March 1.”
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 12)

sodiumEnglish
The main electrolyte in the fluid outside cells, normally about 135–145 mmol per liter of blood; it controls where water goes in the body.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 11) · Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6) · +1 more

specificityEnglish
The principle that the body adapts to the particular demands placed on it, so training should match the sport’s movements and energy needs.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 11)

splitEnglish
The time for one section of a race, such as each kilometer or mile.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 11) · Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5) · +2 more

sports drinkEnglish
A drink with water, sugar and electrolytes, made to replace fluid, salt and fuel during long, hard exercise.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)

spotterEnglish
A trained helper who stands ready to assist or take the load if a lifter cannot finish a rep, especially in pressing lifts.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 10) · Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 11) · Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 12) · +1 more

sprainEnglish
An injury to a ligament, the tough band that holds bones together at a joint. Ankle sprains are the most common.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)

squatEnglish
A movement pattern in which hips and knees bend together and the body lowers more straight down, with the chest fairly upright, as in sitting into a chair.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)

static stretchingEnglish
Moving into a stretch and holding it still, usually for 10–30 seconds.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 10) · Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)

stimulantEnglish
A substance that speeds up the nervous system, raising alertness, heart rate and blood pressure.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 10)

stork standEnglish
Standing on one foot with the other foot resting on the side of your standing leg.
Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 2)

strengthEnglish
How much force your muscles can make, as in lifting, pushing or pulling.
Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)

stretch toleranceEnglish
How much stretching your nervous system will allow before it signals discomfort. Early gains in flexibility come mostly from improved tolerance.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 10)

stroke volumeEnglish
The amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat. Endurance training increases it.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 10) · Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 12) · Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6) · +3 more

structure/function claimEnglish
A claim that a product affects the body’s structure or function (such as “supports muscle”), which supplements may make without FDA approval, followed by a disclaimer.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 10)

sugarEnglish
A sweet food. A little gives quick energy, but too much is not good for your teeth or your body.
Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 2)

supercompensationEnglish
The rise of muscle glycogen above its usual level when a muscle that has been exercised hard is then fed plenty of carbohydrate.
Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.1 (grade 11)

sweatEnglish
Water that comes out of tiny holes in your skin when you are hot or working hard. It helps cool you down.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 1) · Grade 2 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 2) · Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3) · +2 more

sweat glandEnglish
A tiny coiled tube in your skin that makes sweat. You have millions of them.
Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)

sweat rateEnglish
How much fluid you lose in sweat per hour of exercise, found from the change in body weight plus fluid drunk, minus urine.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 10) · Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 11) · Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7) · +1 more

take turnsEnglish
To let each person have a go, one after another.
Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade K)

talk testEnglish
A quick way to tell how hard you are working: if you can talk but not sing, it is moderate; if you can only say a few words, it is vigorous.
Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3) · Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)

target heart-rate zoneEnglish
A range of heart rates to aim for during exercise. The CDC describes moderate exercise as about 64–76% of maximum heart rate and vigorous exercise as about 77–93%.
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)

teammateEnglish
A person on your team. Good teammates help and cheer for each other.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 1)

third-class leverEnglish
A lever with the effort between the fulcrum and the load, like the biceps lifting the forearm. It gives speed and range of motion but needs a large effort.
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)

thirstEnglish
The dry, wanting-a-drink feeling your brain sends when your body is low on water.
Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)

tightropeEnglish
A rope or wire pulled tight, high above the ground, for a trained performer to walk on.
Grade 1 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.2 (grade 1)

tolerance and withdrawalEnglish
Tolerance: needing more of a drug for the same effect. Withdrawal: headaches, tiredness and irritability when a regular user stops.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 10)

training blockEnglish
A planned period of training, usually 3–6 weeks, with a clear goal and a gradual increase in load.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 9)

training volumeEnglish
The total work in a session: sets × reps, or sets × reps × load (volume load). Example: 3 sets × 10 reps × 30 pounds = 900 pounds.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 12)

training zonesEnglish
Bands of intensity, such as easy (about 50–70% of HRR), steady or tempo (about 70–80%) and hard intervals (about 80–90% or more), each used for a different purpose.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 9)

treat foodEnglish
A food enjoyed mainly for its taste, often high in added sugar, that has a good place at celebrations and now and then, but not as an everyday staple.
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)

tummy musclesEnglish
The muscles around your middle that keep you steady and help you sit and stand up tall.
Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade K)

ultra-processed foodEnglish
Industrial products made mostly from refined ingredients (sugars, starches, oils) plus additives such as flavorings, colors and emulsifiers, like most sodas, candy and many packaged snacks.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 9)

urineEnglish
The liquid waste your kidneys make from extra water and wastes filtered out of your blood.
Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)

use it or lose itEnglish
The rule that muscles and bones grow stronger when they work and weaker when they are not used.
Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)

vasodilationEnglish
The widening of blood vessels. When you are hot, vessels near the skin widen so warm blood can give off heat to the air.
Grade 8 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)

vigorous activityEnglish
Hard activity that makes you breathe fast; you can say only a few words before taking a breath, like running, jumping rope or a fast game of tag.
Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3) · Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5) · +2 more

vigorous-intensity activityEnglish
Activity of 6 METs or more, such as running or a hard game of basketball. You can say only a few words without pausing for breath.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 12) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 9)

VO₂ maxEnglish
The maximum rate at which the body can take in and use oxygen, measured in milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute (mL/kg/min).
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 10) · Grade 11 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 11) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.1 (grade 9)

volume and intensityEnglish
Volume is how much work is done (sets × reps, or volume load = sets × reps × load); intensity is how hard each rep is (the load, or the effort).
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 10)

volume loadEnglish
Sets × reps × load for an exercise, a simple measure of how much total work was done.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade 9)

voluntary dehydrationEnglish
Adolph’s name for the way people drink less than they sweat during exercise, even when water is available.
Grade 10 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 10)

water planEnglish
Deciding ahead of time how much water to carry, when to drink and where to refill.
Grade 4 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)

WBGT (wet-bulb globe temperature)English
A measure of heat stress that adds the effects of sun and wind to temperature and humidity. Developed for the Marine Corps in the 1950s and used today by many schools and teams.
Grade 6 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6) · Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade 9)

wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT)English
A heat-stress index combining a wet-bulb reading (humidity and wind), a black-globe reading (sun) and air temperature: outdoors, WBGT = 0.7 × wet bulb + 0.2 × globe + 0.1 × air.
Grade 12 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.1 (grade 12)

wheelbarrow walkEnglish
Walking on your hands while a grown-up holds your legs, like pushing a wheelbarrow.
Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 4.2 (grade K)

whole (minimally processed) foodEnglish
Food eaten as it grows or with only simple changes such as washing, cutting, drying, freezing or pasteurizing: fruit, vegetables, eggs, milk, plain meat and fish, beans, oats, rice.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 9)

wildernessEnglish
A wild, dry place with few people and little water.
Kindergarten Physical Education & Health, Lesson 2.2 (grade K)

Wolff’s lawEnglish
The principle, described by the German surgeon Julius Wolff in 1892, that bone adapts to the loads placed on it, growing stronger where it is stressed.
Grade 9 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 1.1 (grade 9)

work intervalEnglish
The fast part of an interval session, such as 200 metres or 45 seconds at a hard pace.
Grade 7 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)