English terms: Practical

2-hour ruleEnglish
Perishable food goes back in the refrigerator within 2 hours, or within 1 hour if the air is above 90 °F (32 °C).
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)

3-way switchEnglish
A switch with one common terminal and two traveler terminals. Two of them, joined by two traveler wires, control one light from two places.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 5.4 (grade 9–12)

a little (scarce)English
Not enough of something for everyone who wants it.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 3.2 (grade K)

a lot (plenty)English
More than enough of something.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 3.2 (grade K)

abioticEnglish
Caused by something nonliving, such as weather, too much or too little water, nutrients or chemicals.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.4 (grade 4)

abioticEnglish
Caused by a non-living factor: weather, water, soil, nutrients, chemicals or mechanical damage.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.1 (grade 7)

abiotic disorderEnglish
A plant problem from a nonliving cause, such as frost, drought, sunscald, nutrient shortage or chemical injury.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.1 (grade 6)

abomasumEnglish
The fourth compartment, the “true stomach,” which digests food with acid much like a human stomach.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 4)

abscisic acid (ABA)English
A hormone that keeps seeds and buds dormant and closes stomata during drought.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.3 (grade 8)

absenteeismEnglish
Workers missing work without warning.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)

absolute advantageEnglish
The ability to produce more of a good than another producer with the same resources.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 1.4 (grade 11–12)

absolute advantageEnglish
The ability to produce more of something than someone else with the same time or resources.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.3 (grade 6)

absolute advantageEnglish
Being able to produce more of something with the same time and resources than someone else.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.4 (grade 7)

absolute advantageEnglish
The ability to produce more of a good than someone else with the same time or resources.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)

accountEnglish
A record of money for one person, business or purpose.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade 3)

accountEnglish
A record of the increases and decreases in one item, such as Cash, Supplies, Loans or Sales.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 7)

account bookEnglish
A notebook where money in and money out are written down with dates.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.4 (grade 1)

accounts receivableEnglish
Money customers owe a business for goods or services already delivered.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.4 (grade 6) · Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade 7) · Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 8)

accounts receivableEnglish
Money customers owe for goods or services already delivered.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.3 (grade 6)

accrual basisEnglish
Recording revenue when it is earned and expenses when they are used up to earn it, whenever the cash moves.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade 7)

ACH transferEnglish
An electronic payment between bank accounts through the Automated Clearing House network, used for direct deposit and bill payments.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 3.4 (grade 9–12)

acidEnglish
A sour substance, like lemon juice or vinegar. Acid helps stop some germs from growing.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.3 (grade 4)

acidEnglish
A sour substance, such as vinegar or lemon juice. Strong acid keeps most harmful bacteria from growing.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.3 (grade 5)

acidEnglish
A sour ingredient such as lemon, lime or vinegar. Acid makes food taste brighter and cuts through richness.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 5)

acidEnglish
Sour ingredients like lime, lemon, vinegar, tomatoes and yogurt. Acid brightens food and cuts richness.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 6)

acidEnglish
A substance with a sour taste and a low pH. In jam, lemon juice helps pectin strands join and helps keep spoilage microbes from growing.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.3 (grade 8)

acidEnglish
Having a pH below 7. Lemon juice and vinegar are acids. Acid soils are often called sour.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)

acidic soilEnglish
Soil with a pH below 7, common in rainy regions such as the eastern United States.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)

acidityEnglish
How sour or acidic something is, measured on the pH scale. Lower pH means more acidic.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.3 (grade 6)

acornEnglish
The nut of an oak tree. Squirrels love to eat acorns.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.1 (grade K)

acquired tasteEnglish
A food that most people learn to enjoy only after tasting it a number of times.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.3 (grade 3)

actinomycetesEnglish
Bacteria that grow in fine, branching threads like fungi. They break down tough materials and give soil its earthy smell.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 7)

actinomycetesEnglish
Thread-forming soil bacteria that break down tough materials and produce geosmin, the compound that gives soil its earthy smell.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 8)

action thresholdEnglish
The level of pests or damage at which action is needed; below it, the pests are tolerated.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.4 (grade 6)

action thresholdEnglish
The pest level at which damage becomes serious enough that control is worth its cost and effort.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.3 (grade 7)

action thresholdEnglish
The pest level at which the damage would cost more than control, so action is taken.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.2 (grade 8)

actual cash valueEnglish
Coverage that pays replacement cost minus depreciation: what the used item was worth.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 5.4 (grade 9–12)

actuaryEnglish
A mathematician who uses probability and statistics to measure risk and set insurance prices.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 5.5 (grade 9–12)

addEnglish
To put numbers together to find how many in all.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade K)

added sugarEnglish
Sugar or syrup put into a food when it is made, not the sugar that is naturally in fruit or milk.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.1 (grade 4)

added sugarEnglish
Sugar or syrup put into a food when it is made, as opposed to sugar naturally in fruit or milk. The Nutrition Facts label lists it separately.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.1 (grade 8)

added sugarsEnglish
Sugar or syrup put into a food or drink when it is made, not the sugar that is naturally in fruit or milk.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.3 (grade 3)

added sugarsEnglish
Sugars and syrups put into a food when it was made. The label lists them on their own line.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.3 (grade 4)

added sugarsEnglish
Sugars put into a food when it is made or prepared, such as table sugar, honey and syrups, as opposed to sugar that is naturally in fruit or milk.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.3 (grade 5)

added sugarsEnglish
Sugars and syrups put into foods during cooking or processing, such as table sugar, honey, maple syrup and corn syrup, as opposed to sugars naturally found in fruit and milk.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.4 (grade 6)

added sugarsEnglish
Sugars and syrups added to foods when they are made or prepared, as opposed to the sugars found naturally in fruit and milk.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)

added sugarsEnglish
Sugars and syrups added to foods during processing or cooking. The Dietary Guidelines advise keeping them to less than 10 percent of daily food energy for everyone age 2 and older.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.3 (grade 7)

additive manufacturingEnglish
Making a part by adding material layer by layer from a digital model: 3D printing.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 8.1 (grade 9–12)

adhesionEnglish
The attraction that holds an adhesive to the surface of another material (the adherend or substrate).
Shop & Trades, Lesson 2.1 (grade 9–12)

adulteratedEnglish
Made impure or unsafe by adding something harmful or cheap that is not supposed to be there.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.4 (grade 4)

adulteratedEnglish
Made impure or unsafe by adding harmful or cheaper substances.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.3 (grade 5)

adulterationEnglish
Making a product impure by adding cheaper or harmful substances.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 3.2 (grade 11–12)

adulterationEnglish
Making food or drugs impure by adding cheaper or harmful substances.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 8.4 (grade 11–12)

adulterationEnglish
Secretly mixing cheaper or harmful substances into food or drink to stretch it and increase profit.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.3 (grade 6)

adulterationEnglish
Making a food impure or false, such as watering down milk or adding cheap fillers and hiding them.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.3 (grade 6)

advertiseEnglish
To tell people about something you sell so they will want to buy it.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 6.4 (grade K)

advertisementEnglish
A sign, picture or message that tells people about a product so they will want to buy it.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.3 (grade 1) · Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.3 (grade 2)

advertisementEnglish
A message that tells people about a product and tries to get them to buy it.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.3 (grade 3)

advertisingEnglish
Messages that tell people about a product or service and try to persuade them to buy it.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.3 (grade 4)

advertisingEnglish
Paid messages that tell people about a product or business and try to persuade them to buy.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.3 (grade 5)

aerateEnglish
To let air in, for example by turning a compost pile with a fork.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 3)

AFCIEnglish
Arc-fault circuit interrupter. Its electronics recognize the ragged current signature of an arc (a damaged cord, a loose connection) and open the circuit before the arc starts a fire.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 5.3 (grade 9–12)

affinity fraudEnglish
Fraud that targets members of a group (a church, a community, a club) by exploiting their trust in one another.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 8.4 (grade 9–12)

affordableEnglish
Cheap enough that ordinary people can buy it.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.4 (grade 1)

after-action reviewEnglish
An honest look back at a project: what went well, what went wrong, and what to do differently next time.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.4 (grade 7)

AFUEEnglish
Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency: the percentage of the fuel’s heat that reaches the house over a season. Standard gas furnaces are about 80%; condensing furnaces 90–98%.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 6.2 (grade 9–12)

against the grainEnglish
Slicing across the long muscle fibers of meat, so each slice has short fibers and is tender to chew.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7) · Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)

aggregateEnglish
A crumb of soil in which particles are glued together by clay, humus, root and fungal threads and microbial gums.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)

aggregateEnglish
A crumb of soil in which particles are glued together by organic matter, root and fungal threads, and microbial gums.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)

agioEnglish
The premium people would pay for bank money over the same amount in ordinary coins, because bank money was more trustworthy.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)

agoraEnglish
The big open marketplace and meeting place in an ancient Greek city.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.3 (grade 2)

agreeEnglish
To say yes to the same plan, like a job and its pay.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 5.1 (grade K)

agreementEnglish
A promise that two people make to each other. A written agreement is called a contract.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.2 (grade 2)

agreementEnglish
A promise two people make to each other.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 5.3 (grade K)

agricultural calendarEnglish
The yearly schedule of farm work (preparing ground, sowing, tending, harvesting, storing) set by the seasons, frost dates and day length of a place.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)

agronomyEnglish
The science of growing field crops and managing soil on a farm scale.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.4 (grade 6)

agronomyEnglish
The science of producing field crops and managing soil on a large scale.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.3 (grade 8)

air barrierEnglish
A continuous layer (drywall, sheathing, tape, sealant, foam) that stops air from flowing through the envelope; insulation alone does not stop air.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 4.4 (grade 9–12)

air cellEnglish
The pocket of air between the shell membranes at the large end of an egg. It grows as the egg ages or as a chick develops.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 7)

air gapEnglish
The small gap between the armature and the flywheel magnets, often about 0.010 in (0.25 mm); too wide weakens the spark.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 9.4 (grade 9–12)

air pressureEnglish
The weight of the air above pressing down. It is greatest at sea level and decreases as you go higher.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)

air–fuel ratio (AFR)English
The mass of air per mass of fuel; 14.7:1 is the chemically correct (stoichiometric) ratio for gasoline.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 9.3 (grade 9–12)

aisleEnglish
A long walkway between shelves in a store.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.3 (grade 2)

al denteEnglish
Pasta cooked until tender but still a little firm to the bite. It means “to the tooth” in Italian.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.1 (grade 3)

al denteEnglish
Italian for “to the tooth”: pasta cooked until tender but still slightly firm in the center when you bite it.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)

al denteEnglish
Italian for “to the tooth”: pasta cooked until tender but still slightly firm when bitten.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.3 (grade 8)

alignmentEnglish
The angles of the wheels (toe, camber, caster) relative to the car and road; poor alignment wears tires and pulls the car.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 10.3 (grade 9–12)

alkalineEnglish
Having a pH above 7. Baking soda and lime are alkaline (also called basic). Alkaline soils are often called sweet.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)

alkaline soilEnglish
Soil with a pH above 7, common in dry regions and in soils formed from limestone.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)

alleleEnglish
One version of a gene, such as the version for round peas or the version for wrinkled peas.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.4 (grade 6)

alleleEnglish
One of the different forms of a gene, such as the form for black coat or for red coat.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.3 (grade 8)

allergenEnglish
A food (or other thing) that causes an allergy.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.4 (grade 2)

allergenEnglish
The part of a food (usually a protein) that causes an allergic reaction.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.4 (grade 4)

allergyEnglish
When the body mistakes a harmless food for an enemy and fights it, which can make a person sick.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.4 (grade 2)

alluviumEnglish
Sand, silt and clay laid down by rivers and floods, often forming rich bottomland soils.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.1 (grade 7)

almanacEnglish
A yearly book with a calendar, weather guesses, facts and wise sayings.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.4 (grade 2)

almanacEnglish
A yearly booklet of calendars, weather predictions, tides and useful sayings, one of the best-selling kinds of book in colonial America.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 1.5 (grade 9–12)

almanacEnglish
A yearly book with calendars, sunrise and sunset times, tides, weather notes and farming advice.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.3 (grade 5)

alternatorEnglish
The belt-driven generator that recharges the battery and powers the car while the engine runs, usually at about 13.8–14.7 V.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 10.4 (grade 9–12)

altitudeEnglish
Height above sea level, usually measured in feet or meters.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)

amendmentEnglish
Anything added to soil to improve it, such as compost, lime, sulfur, gypsum or manure.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.4 (grade 6)

amino acidsEnglish
The small building blocks that proteins are made of, like beads on a string.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 4)

amino acidsEnglish
The small building blocks that proteins are made of. The body can make some of them, but nine must come from food.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 5)

amino acidsEnglish
The 20 small building blocks of proteins. Nine are essential: the body cannot make them, so they must come from food.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 7)

ammoniaEnglish
A poison made from fish waste and rotting food. Even a little can make fish sick.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)

ammoniaEnglish
A poisonous chemical made from fish waste, uneaten food and decaying plants.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)

ammoniaEnglish
A nitrogen compound released by fish gills and decaying food and waste; toxic to fish even in small amounts.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.4 (grade 7)

amortizationEnglish
Paying off a loan by regular payments that cover each period’s interest and reduce the principal.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 9.4 (grade 9–12)

amortization scheduleEnglish
A table showing, for each payment, the interest, the principal paid and the remaining balance.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 9.4 (grade 9–12)

ampacityEnglish
The current a conductor can carry continuously without exceeding its insulation’s temperature rating. In homes, 14 AWG copper is protected at 15 A, 12 AWG at 20 A and 10 AWG at 30 A.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 5.2 (grade 9–12)

amphibianEnglish
A cold-blooded animal with moist skin that usually starts life in water, such as a frog, toad or salamander.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.3 (grade 4)

amylopectinEnglish
A branched kind of starch molecule that makes food sticky and creamy. Short-grain rice like Arborio has a lot of it.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)

amyloseEnglish
A long, straight kind of starch molecule that helps cooked grains stay separate and firm. Long-grain rice has more of it.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)

amylose and amylopectinEnglish
The two kinds of starch molecules. Amylose is a long, straight chain; amylopectin is a large, bushy, branched one.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)

AndesEnglish
Tall mountains in South America where potatoes were first grown.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.1 (grade 2)

angle of incidenceEnglish
The angle at which sunlight strikes the ground. Steep, direct light concentrates energy; low, slanting light spreads it out.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)

angle of sunlightEnglish
How steeply the sun’s rays strike the ground; steep rays heat the ground more than slanting rays.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)

anisotropyEnglish
Having different strength in different directions. FDM parts are strongest along their printed lines and weakest when pulled apart between layers.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 8.4 (grade 9–12)

annualEnglish
A plant that grows, flowers, makes seeds and dies in one year, like basil.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.2 (grade 2)

annual percentage rate (APR)English
The yearly interest rate charged on borrowed money, such as a credit-card balance.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.4 (grade 7)

annual weedEnglish
A weed that sprouts, flowers, sets seed and dies in one year, such as lamb’s-quarters, pigweed or crabgrass.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.4 (grade 5)

annual weedEnglish
A weed that completes its life in one year and spreads by seed, such as lambsquarters, pigweed and crabgrass.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.3 (grade 8)

annuityEnglish
A series of equal payments or deposits made at regular intervals.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 7.1 (grade 9–12)

Anti-Corn Law LeagueEnglish
The campaign organization founded in Manchester in 1838, led by Richard Cobden and John Bright, that worked to repeal the Corn Laws.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 10.3 (grade 11–12)

antisepticEnglish
A substance that kills or stops the growth of germs on skin, wounds or tools. Lister used carbolic acid as an antiseptic.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)

antitrust lawEnglish
Laws that forbid agreements to restrain trade and attempts to monopolize, such as the Sherman Act of 1890.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 3.5 (grade 11–12)

antitrust lawEnglish
A law that forbids businesses from joining together or acting unfairly to block competition.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.3 (grade 4)

antitrust lawEnglish
A law against monopolies and agreements that unfairly restrain competition. The first U.S. one was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.4 (grade 5)

antitrust lawEnglish
A law that forbids agreements and actions that destroy competition, such as the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.3 (grade 7)

antitrust lawEnglish
Laws that forbid agreements and actions that destroy competition, such as price-fixing and monopolizing a market.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.2 (grade 8)

antlerEnglish
A branched bone that grows from a male deer’s head each year and falls off in winter.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)

antlerEnglish
A branched bone that grows from a buck’s head every year, is covered with living velvet while it grows, and is shed in late winter.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)

antlersEnglish
Bony branches that grow on a buck’s head. He drops them every winter and grows new ones every spring.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.3 (grade 1)

antoninianusEnglish
A Roman coin introduced about A.D. 215, officially worth two denarii but containing much less than twice the silver.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 4.3 (grade 11–12)

aphidEnglish
A tiny, soft insect that sucks the juice out of plant leaves and stems.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.2 (grade 1)

aphidEnglish
A tiny, soft insect that sucks juice from leaves and stems, often in crowds on new growth.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.1 (grade 2)

aphidEnglish
A tiny, soft, pear-shaped insect that sucks sap from new leaves and stems.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.1 (grade 3)

aphidEnglish
A tiny soft bug that sucks juice from plant stems and leaves. Too many aphids hurt plants.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.1 (grade K)

apical dominanceEnglish
The way the main shoot tip, through auxin, holds back the growth of side buds below it.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.4 (grade 7)

apicultureEnglish
The science and practice of keeping honeybees.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.4 (grade 8)

appreciationEnglish
A rise in a currency’s value against another; it buys more foreign currency.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 10.2 (grade 11–12)

apprenticeEnglish
A young person who works for a master to learn a trade.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.4 (grade 2)

apprenticeEnglish
A young person who lives and works with a master craftsman for several years to learn a trade.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.4 (grade 3)

apprenticeEnglish
A young person bound to learn a trade from a master for a set number of years.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.3 (grade 5)

APREnglish
Annual percentage rate: the yearly interest rate on a loan or card balance. Monthly rate ≈ APR ÷ 12.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.4 (grade 6)

APREnglish
Annual percentage rate: the yearly cost of credit including interest and most required fees, stated in a standard way so loans can be compared.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 4.1 (grade 9–12)

apronEnglish
Wire mesh laid flat on the ground outward from a fence or coop, or buried along it, to stop animals from digging under.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.4 (grade 7)

APYEnglish
Annual percentage yield: the yearly return on a deposit including the effect of compounding.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 3.2 (grade 9–12)

aquaponicsEnglish
A system that combines fish and plants: bacteria turn fish waste into nitrate that feeds the plants, and the plants clean the water for the fish.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.4 (grade 8)

aquariumEnglish
A glass or plastic tank of water where fish and water plants live.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.2 (grade 1)

aquariumEnglish
A glass or plastic tank where fish and water plants are kept.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)

arc eyeEnglish
A painful sunburn of the cornea (photokeratitis) from the arc’s ultraviolet light; it usually appears hours after exposure and feels like sand in the eyes.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 7.5 (grade 9–12)

armature (ignition coil)English
The coil mounted beside the flywheel, with a primary winding of a few hundred turns and a secondary of many thousands.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 9.4 (grade 9–12)

aromaEnglish
A pleasant smell, such as the smell of baking bread.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.2 (grade 1)

aromaEnglish
A pleasant smell, like baking bread or popcorn.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.3 (grade 2)

aromaEnglish
A pleasant smell.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.2 (grade 2)

aromaEnglish
A smell, especially a pleasant smell from food.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)

aromaEnglish
A smell, especially a pleasant one from food.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.3 (grade 4)

aromaEnglish
The smell of a food, carried by tiny particles that float into the nose.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5)

aromaEnglish
A smell, especially a pleasant one. Most of a spice’s flavor is in its aroma.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.3 (grade 5)

aromaEnglish
A smell, especially a pleasant smell from food, made of tiny molecules floating in the air.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)

aroma compoundEnglish
A molecule that gives a food part of its smell. A strawberry has hundreds of them.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 8)

aromatic compoundsEnglish
Molecules that evaporate easily and give spices their smell; for example, eugenol in cloves and cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.1 (grade 7)

arthropodsEnglish
Small jointed-leg animals of the soil such as mites, springtails, beetles and centipedes.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 6)

ASE certificationEnglish
Certification from the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence, earned by passing tests in specific areas and having hands-on work experience.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 10.5 (grade 9–12)

asexual propagationEnglish
Making new plants from a piece of a parent plant, so the new plant is genetically identical to it (a clone).
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.2 (grade 8)

aspectEnglish
The direction a slope or wall faces. In the Northern Hemisphere, south-facing sites get the most sun and warm up first.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)

aspect ratioEnglish
A tire’s sidewall height as a percentage of its width; the 60 in 225/60R16.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 10.3 (grade 9–12)

assembly lineEnglish
A way of making things where each worker does one step and passes the work to the next person.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.4 (grade 1)

assembly lineEnglish
A row of workers, each adding one part or doing one step as the product passes by.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.3 (grade 3)

assembly lineEnglish
A way of making things in which the product moves from worker to worker, and each adds one part or step.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.3 (grade 5)

assessed valueEnglish
The value a local assessor assigns to a property for tax purposes, often a percentage of market value.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 6.4 (grade 9–12)

assetEnglish
Anything of value that a business owns: cash, supplies, equipment, buildings, and money others owe it.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.3 (grade 5)

asset allocationEnglish
How a portfolio is divided among broad kinds of investments such as stocks, bonds and cash.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 7.5 (grade 9–12)

asymmetric informationEnglish
A situation in which one side of a trade knows much more about the quality of what is traded than the other.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 8.4 (grade 11–12)

ATPEnglish
Adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that carries energy within cells.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)

Atwater factorsEnglish
The average energy in each macronutrient: about 4 Calories per gram of carbohydrate, 4 per gram of protein and 9 per gram of fat.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)

auditEnglish
A careful check of a business’s books and records by someone independent, to make sure they are complete and true.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.4 (grade 5) · Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade 6)

auditEnglish
An independent examination of a business’s records and statements by a qualified outside accountant, who gives an opinion on whether they are fairly presented.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.3 (grade 8)

auditEnglish
An IRS review of a return to check that income, deductions and credits are reported correctly.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 6.5 (grade 9–12)

auditorEnglish
The person who does an audit. The word comes from the Latin audire, “to hear,” because accounts were once read aloud to be checked.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.4 (grade 5)

auto-darkening helmetEnglish
A helmet whose liquid-crystal lens darkens automatically in a fraction of a millisecond when the arc strikes.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 7.5 (grade 9–12)

automatic renewalEnglish
A term that continues a contract (and charges) unless the customer cancels by a deadline.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 9.5 (grade 9–12)

auxinEnglish
A plant hormone that makes cells grow longer. It collects on the shady side of a stem, making it bend toward light.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.4 (grade 4)

auxinEnglish
A plant hormone made in shoot tips that makes cells stretch, causes bending toward light, keeps side buds dormant and starts roots on cuttings.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.4 (grade 7)

auxinEnglish
A hormone made in shoot tips that causes cells to stretch, controls bending toward light, keeps side buds dormant (apical dominance), and promotes roots on cuttings.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.3 (grade 8)

average costEnglish
Total cost divided by the number of units or customers served: average cost = total cost ÷ quantity.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.4 (grade 6)

average costEnglish
Total cost divided by the number of units or customers served.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.3 (grade 7)

average last frost dateEnglish
The spring date after which frost becomes unlikely in an area, based on many years of weather records. Frost can still come after it.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)

AWGEnglish
American Wire Gauge. A smaller number means a thicker wire: 14 AWG is thinner than 12 AWG, which is thinner than 10 AWG.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 5.2 (grade 9–12)

axial tiltEnglish
The lean of Earth’s axis, about 23½ degrees, which always points the same way in space as Earth circles the sun.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)

axisEnglish
An imaginary line through the earth from the North Pole to the South Pole. The earth spins around it once a day.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)

axisEnglish
The imaginary line through the North and South Poles that the earth spins around once a day. It is tilted about 23.4° from straight up.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)

bacteriaEnglish
Living things too small to see. Most are harmless, but a few kinds in food can make people sick.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.3 (grade 3)

bacteriaEnglish
Living things made of a single cell, too small to see. Most are harmless or helpful, but a few kinds in food can make people sick.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)

bacteriaEnglish
Tiny one-celled living things. Most are harmless or even helpful, but a few kinds cause sickness or spoil food.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)

bacteriaEnglish
Living things made of a single cell, far too small to see without a microscope. Most are harmless or helpful; a few, called pathogens, cause illness.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)

bacteriaEnglish
Living things made of one tiny cell, far too small to see without a microscope. Billions live in a handful of soil.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)

bacteriaEnglish
Tiny one-celled living things. Soil bacteria break down dead matter and change nutrients into forms plants can use.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 4)

bacterial leaf spotEnglish
A disease of tomatoes and peppers that causes small, dark, greasy-looking spots on leaves and fruit.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.1 (grade 4)

bacterial wiltEnglish
A disease of cucumbers, melons and squash in which bacteria clog the water tubes of the stem so the vines suddenly wilt.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.1 (grade 4)

bacterial wiltEnglish
A disease of cucumbers and melons, spread by cucumber beetles, in which bacteria clog the xylem and vines wilt suddenly.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.3 (grade 6)

bacteriumEnglish
A single-celled organism; plant-disease bacteria enter through wounds and natural openings and spread in water, on tools and by insects.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.3 (grade 6)

bakeEnglish
To cook food with dry heat all around it, as in an oven.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.4 (grade 1)

bakeEnglish
To cook food in the hot, dry air of an oven.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 2)

bakeEnglish
To cook food with dry heat in an oven, like muffins, bread and cookies.
Kindergarten Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.4 (grade K)

bakerEnglish
A producer who makes bread, rolls and cakes.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.2 (grade 1)

bakerEnglish
A person who mixes flour, water and yeast and bakes bread.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 4.1 (grade K)

baker’s percentageEnglish
A way of writing a bread recipe in which the flour is 100% and every other ingredient is a percentage of the flour’s weight.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.4 (grade 8)

baking powderEnglish
A powder that makes bubbles of gas when it gets wet and hot, so batter rises and turns light.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.4 (grade 3)

baking powderEnglish
Baking soda already mixed with a dry acid and a little starch. It makes gas when it gets wet and again when it gets hot.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.3 (grade 4)

baking sodaEnglish
Sodium bicarbonate, a base that makes carbon dioxide gas when it meets an acid, such as buttermilk, yogurt or lemon juice.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.3 (grade 4)

balanceEnglish
A scale with two pans. When both sides weigh the same, the bar is level.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.1 (grade 1)

balanceEnglish
A scale with two pans. It hangs level when both sides weigh the same.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.1 (grade 2)

balanceEnglish
The money you have left after adding money in and taking away money out.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.3 (grade 2)

balanceEnglish
The amount of money you have after adding what came in and subtracting what went out.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade 3) · Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 4)

balanceEnglish
A scale with two pans; the heavier side goes down.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 5.2 (grade K)

balanceEnglish
When no one flavor is too strong, and they all work together.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 2)

balanceEnglish
When flavors are mixed so that none is too strong, such as sour lime softened by a little sweetness.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 3)

balanceEnglish
When no single taste is too strong and the flavors work together.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 4)

balanceEnglish
When no one taste is too strong and the flavors work together.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 5)

balanceEnglish
The way the flavors in a dish work together so that no single one overpowers the rest.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 6)

balanceEnglish
A dish in which no single taste overwhelms the others.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 7)

balanceEnglish
A dish in which no one taste overwhelms the rest: salt, acid, sweetness, bitterness, heat and richness each in proportion.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 8)

balance (books)English
When the two sides of the books add up to the same total, showing no mistakes.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.4 (grade 3)

balance of paymentsEnglish
A record of all a country’s transactions with the rest of the world.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 5.5 (grade 11–12)

balance of tradeEnglish
The difference between what a country sells abroad (exports) and what it buys from abroad (imports).
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.1 (grade 7)

balance pointEnglish
The outdoor temperature at which a heat pump’s capacity exactly equals the house’s heat loss; below it, backup heat is needed.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 6.4 (grade 9–12)

balance sheetEnglish
A report that lists a business’s assets, liabilities and owner’s equity at one moment in time.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.3 (grade 5)

balance sheetEnglish
A statement of what a business owns (assets), owes (liabilities) and the owner’s share (owner’s equity) on one date.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.4 (grade 6)

balance sheetEnglish
A report of what a business owns (assets), owes (liabilities) and the owners’ share (equity) on a single date.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 8)

balancedEnglish
Having some of each kind. A balanced plate has foods from all six groups.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.1 (grade 1)

balancedEnglish
Having some of each kind, not too much of one thing.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.1 (grade 2)

balanced mealEnglish
A meal with foods from several groups, so your body gets many kinds of nourishment at once.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)

balanced mealEnglish
A meal with foods from several food groups, so the body gets many different nutrients.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)

balanced mealEnglish
A meal that includes foods from several food groups, so that together they give the body what it needs.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)

balanced mealEnglish
A meal with foods from several food groups, ideally protein, vegetables, a whole grain and dairy, so it gives a variety of nutrients.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.4 (grade 6)

balloon frameEnglish
An early light wood frame in which long studs run continuously from the sill to the roof, with the floor joists nailed to their sides.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 4.2 (grade 9–12)

balloon paymentEnglish
A large final payment of the remaining principal at the end of a loan.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 9.3 (grade 9–12)

bankEnglish
A business that keeps people’s money safe and lends some of it to others.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.2 (grade 1)

bankEnglish
A business that keeps people’s money safe and lends money to others.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.2 (grade 2) · Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 3)

bankEnglish
A business that keeps people’s money safe, lends money to others and charges interest on loans.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 5)

bank holidayEnglish
A government-ordered closing of banks to stop a run; in March 1933 every bank in the United States was closed for several days.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 6.1 (grade 11–12)

bank holidayEnglish
A government-ordered closing of banks to stop a run and examine their condition.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 3.3 (grade 9–12)

bank moneyEnglish
Money held as a credit in a bank’s books rather than as coins in hand; at Amsterdam, credits that were always counted at full, honest weight.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)

bank runEnglish
A rush of depositors to withdraw their money because they fear the bank cannot pay.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 5.1 (grade 11–12)

bank runEnglish
A rush of depositors to withdraw money from a bank they fear will fail.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 9.4 (grade 11–12)

bank runEnglish
When many depositors rush to take their money out of a bank at the same time because they fear it will fail.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 5)

bank runEnglish
When many depositors fear a bank will fail and rush to withdraw their money at once.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 6)

bank runEnglish
When many depositors rush to take their money out of a bank at once, fearing it will fail.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.3 (grade 7)

bank runEnglish
A rush of depositors trying to withdraw their money at once because they fear the bank will fail.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)

bank runEnglish
Many depositors withdrawing at once because they fear the bank will fail; because banks lend most deposits, a run can make a sound bank fail.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 3.3 (grade 9–12)

banknoteEnglish
A paper note issued by a bank, promising to pay the bearer on demand.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 5.2 (grade 11–12)

banknoteEnglish
A paper promise from a bank to pay the person holding it; paper money.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 3)

banknoteEnglish
A paper promise from a bank to pay the holder; later, paper money.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 5)

bank-note discountEnglish
The amount by which a bank’s note traded below face value, reflecting the risk and distance of the issuing bank.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 5.3 (grade 11–12)

bankruptcyEnglish
When a person or business cannot pay its debts and a court divides what is left among the people owed.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)

bankruptcyEnglish
A legal process for people or businesses who cannot pay their debts, in which a court divides their assets among creditors and may discharge remaining debts.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 4.5 (grade 9–12)

barbacoaEnglish
A word recorded by Spanish writers in the 1500s for a wooden frame used by the Taíno people of the Caribbean to cook food over a fire. Our word “barbecue” comes from it.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.3 (grade 6)

barbecueEnglish
Meat cooked slowly with smoke and low heat, often for hours; also used loosely for any outdoor grilling and for the gathering itself. The word comes from barbacoa, a wooden frame used by the Taíno people of the Caribbean.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.2 (grade 8)

bare-rootEnglish
A dormant tree or shrub sold with no soil around its roots, planted in early spring before it leafs out.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.4 (grade 8)

barkEnglish
The tough outside covering of a tree’s trunk and branches.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.3 (grade 1)

barkEnglish
The outside skin of a tree trunk or branch. Cinnamon is bark.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.2 (grade 2)

barnEnglish
A big farm building where animals, hay and tools are kept.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade K)

barrierEnglish
Something that blocks pests from reaching plants, like a net, collar or copper strip.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.2 (grade 2)

barrierEnglish
Something that keeps pests away from plants, like row cover, netting or a collar.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.4 (grade 3)

barrierEnglish
Anything that keeps an animal from reaching a plant, such as a fence, cage, netting or row cover.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.4 (grade 4)

barrier to entryEnglish
Anything that keeps new firms from entering a market: a patent, control of a key resource, large economies of scale, or a legal license.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 3.4 (grade 11–12)

barrier to entryEnglish
Anything that makes it hard for a new seller to enter a market: high start-up costs, patents, licenses, or control of a key resource.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)

barriers to entryEnglish
Things that make it hard for new sellers to start, such as high start-up costs, patents, licenses or control of a key resource.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.2 (grade 6)

barterEnglish
Trading goods or services directly for other goods or services, without money.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 4.1 (grade 11–12) · Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3) · Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)

barterEnglish
Trading one thing for another thing without using money.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.1 (grade 1)

barterEnglish
Trading goods for other goods without using money.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.1 (grade 2)

barterEnglish
Trading goods or services without using money.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 2.1 (grade K)

base temperatureEnglish
The temperature below which a particular plant or insect hardly develops; 50°F for corn and many warm-season crops.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)

base yearEnglish
The starting year a price index compares against. Its index value is 100.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.4 (grade 6)

basic tastesEnglish
The five tastes the tongue can sense: sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5)

basic tastesEnglish
The five tastes sensed by the tongue: sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)

basilEnglish
A sweet-smelling green herb often used with tomatoes and in pizza and pasta.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.2 (grade 1)

basking spotEnglish
A warm place under a heat lamp where a reptile warms up.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)

basking spotEnglish
The warmest place in a reptile’s enclosure, where it lies to warm up.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.3 (grade 4)

basking spotEnglish
The warmest place in an enclosure, under a heat lamp, where a reptile warms up to digest and stay active.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.3 (grade 6)

batchEnglish
A group of items made at the same time.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade 2)

batchEnglish
A group of items made at the same time, such as one tray of cookies.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade 5)

batchEnglish
A group of things made at one time.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade K)

batch cookingEnglish
Cooking a larger amount at once to use for several meals.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.3 (grade 3)

batch cookingEnglish
Cooking a large amount at once to save time, money and cleanup later.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.2 (grade 7)

batterEnglish
A runny mix of flour, liquid and other ingredients that becomes muffins, pancakes or cake.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 2)

batterEnglish
A wet mixture of flour, liquid and other ingredients that is thin enough to pour.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.4 (grade 3)

batterEnglish
A runny mixture of flour, eggs, milk and other foods that is cooked into pancakes, muffins or cakes. We never taste batter before it is cooked.
Kindergarten Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.2 (grade K)

beakEnglish
A bird’s hard mouth. Its shape shows what the bird eats.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.1 (grade 2)

beakEnglish
A bird’s hard mouth. Birds use their beaks to eat, drink and build nests.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade K)

bear marketEnglish
A decline of 20% or more in a broad market index from its peak.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 8.3 (grade 9–12)

bearing capacityEnglish
The pressure soil can safely carry, in pounds per square foot (psf). The residential code presumes about 1,500 psf for clay and 2,000–3,000 psf for sand and gravel unless a soil test shows otherwise.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 4.1 (grade 9–12)

béchamelEnglish
A white sauce of milk thickened with a roux of butter and flour, the base of many cheese sauces.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.4 (grade 6)

beddingEnglish
Damp shredded paper, cardboard or leaves that worms live in.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.4 (grade 2)

bee spaceEnglish
A gap of about ⅜ inch that bees leave open as a walkway instead of filling it with comb or glue.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.4 (grade 5)

beef cattleEnglish
Cattle raised for meat, such as black Angus and red-and-white Herefords.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.2 (grade 2)

beef cattleEnglish
Cattle raised for meat, such as Angus and Herefords.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 4)

beneficial bacteriaEnglish
Helpful bacteria that live on the filter, gravel and decorations and change ammonia into nitrate.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)

beneficial insectEnglish
A helpful insect that eats pests or pollinates flowers, like a ladybug, lacewing or bee.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.1 (grade 2)

beneficial insectEnglish
An insect that helps the gardener, by eating pests, pollinating flowers or breaking down dead material.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.2 (grade 3)

beneficial insectEnglish
An insect that helps the garden by eating pests, parasitizing them, pollinating flowers or breaking down dead matter.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.3 (grade 5)

beneficial insectEnglish
An insect that helps the garden, such as a pollinator or a predator or parasite of pests (lady beetles, lacewings, parasitic wasps).
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.4 (grade 6)

beneficial insectEnglish
An insect that helps the grower, such as a pollinator or a predator or parasite of pests.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.3 (grade 7)

beneficial insectEnglish
An insect that helps the gardener, such as pollinators and natural enemies like lady beetles, lacewings, ground beetles and parasitic wasps.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.2 (grade 8)

beneficiaryEnglish
The person named to receive the death benefit.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 5.5 (grade 9–12)

beneficiary designationEnglish
A form naming who receives a life-insurance policy or retirement account at death; it usually overrides the will.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 10.2 (grade 9–12)

bentoEnglish
A Japanese packed meal arranged in a box with small sections, each holding a different food.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.4 (grade 5)

bequestEnglish
A gift made through a will.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 10.3 (grade 9–12)

beriberiEnglish
A disease caused by too little thiamine, which weakens the nerves and heart.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)

Bernoulli’s principleEnglish
Along a streamline, where a fluid moves faster its pressure is lower: p + \tfrac{1}{2}\rho v^2 = \text{constant}.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 9.3 (grade 9–12)

Bessemer processEnglish
A way of making steel cheaply by blowing air through melted iron to burn out impurities, invented in the 1850s.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)

beta-caroteneEnglish
The orange pigment in carrots, sweet potatoes and many greens. The body turns it into vitamin A.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)

bevel and backEnglish
The two faces that meet at a chisel’s or plane iron’s edge. The flat back must be truly flat near the edge; the bevel is ground at about 25° and often honed with a slightly steeper secondary bevel.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 3.2 (grade 9–12)

biennial weedEnglish
A weed that forms a rosette the first year and flowers and seeds the second, such as wild carrot and burdock.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.3 (grade 8)

billEnglish
Paper money, like a $1 or $5 bill.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 1)

billEnglish
A piece of paper money, also called a note.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.4 (grade 2)

bill of exchangeEnglish
A written order to pay a sum of money in another place and usually another currency at a future date.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 4.4 (grade 11–12)

bill of exchangeEnglish
A written order telling a banker in another city to pay a sum of money to a named person; it let merchants move money without carrying coins. A letter of credit is a similar promise of payment.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)

bimetallismEnglish
A money system using both gold and silver coins at a fixed ratio of value.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 4.2 (grade 11–12)

binding price ceilingEnglish
A legal maximum price set below the equilibrium price, so that it changes the market.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 7.5 (grade 11–12)

binocularsEnglish
A tool with two lenses that makes faraway things look close.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.1 (grade 2)

bioassayEnglish
A test that uses living organisms, such as bean seedlings, to detect a substance.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.4 (grade 7)

biosecurityEnglish
Habits that keep germs from spreading between flocks or herds, such as washing hands, cleaning boots, and keeping new or show animals apart for a while.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.3 (grade 4)

biosecurityEnglish
Habits that keep diseases from coming into or spreading through a flock.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 5)

biosecurityEnglish
Practices that keep diseases from entering or spreading on a farm, such as clean boots, limiting visitors and isolating new animals.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.2 (grade 7)

biosecurityEnglish
Practices that keep diseases and parasites from entering or spreading on a farm, such as keeping new animals apart for several weeks and cleaning boots and equipment.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)

bioticEnglish
Caused by something living, such as insects, animals, fungi or bacteria.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.4 (grade 4)

bioticEnglish
Caused by a living thing: a fungus, bacterium, virus, insect, mite, nematode or animal.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.1 (grade 7)

biotic and abioticEnglish
Biotic problems are caused by living things (pathogens, insects, animals); abiotic problems by non-living causes (drought, frost, nutrient shortage, herbicide drift).
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.1 (grade 8)

bird bandingEnglish
Placing a small, numbered metal band on a wild bird’s leg so that it can be identified if it is caught again or found.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.3 (grade 8)

birthrightEnglish
In Bible times, the special gift and honor that belonged to the oldest son in a family.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.4 (grade 1)

biscuitEnglish
A small, soft bread that rises quickly in the oven without yeast.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.4 (grade 1)

bitEnglish
One-eighth of a Spanish dollar, sometimes a real piece cut from the coin; “two bits” came to mean a quarter dollar.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)

bitterEnglish
A strong, sharp taste, like grapefruit peel, dark chocolate or some green vegetables.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.1 (grade 1)

bitterEnglish
A strong, sharp taste found in some green vegetables, grapefruit and dark chocolate.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.3 (grade 1)

bitterEnglish
A sharp taste, like dark cocoa, coffee, grapefruit or some green vegetables.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.1 (grade 2)

bitterEnglish
A sharp taste like grapefruit peel, radishes or dark leafy greens. Children usually taste bitterness more strongly than adults.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)

bitterEnglish
A sharp taste found in foods like cocoa, coffee, grapefruit peel and some green vegetables.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)

bitterEnglish
A sharp taste found in foods like coffee beans, grapefruit peel, dark greens and broccoli; strong bitterness can be a warning of something harmful.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.3 (grade 5)

bitterEnglish
One of the five basic tastes, found in foods like coffee, dark chocolate, kale and grapefruit peel.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)

black marketEnglish
Illegal trade at prices above the legal limit.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 7.5 (grade 11–12)

black marketEnglish
Illegal buying and selling at prices above a legal limit, or of forbidden goods.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.4 (grade 7)

black marketEnglish
Illegal buying and selling, often at prices above a legal ceiling.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.4 (grade 8)

blacklegged tickEnglish
A small tick (also called the deer tick) that can carry the bacteria that cause Lyme disease.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.3 (grade 6)

blacklegged tickEnglish
Also called the deer tick; the tick that can carry the bacterium that causes Lyme disease.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)

blade balanceEnglish
Equal mass on both sides of the blade’s center hole; an unbalanced blade shakes the engine and mower.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 9.5 (grade 9–12)

blanchingEnglish
Briefly boiling or steaming vegetables before freezing to stop their enzymes.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.4 (grade 5)

blankEnglish
A plain, flat metal circle before it is stamped into a coin.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 2)

blind rivetEnglish
A rivet set from one side of the work by pulling a mandrel, used where the back cannot be reached.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 1.5 (grade 9–12)

blind testEnglish
A taste test in which tasters do not know which sample is which, so their expectations do not affect their ratings.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.1 (grade 8)

bliss pointEnglish
The amount of sugar (or salt or fat) in a food that the most people like the most: not too little, not too much.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.2 (grade 5)

bliss pointEnglish
The amount of sweetness (or saltiness) at which a food is most appealing, neither too little nor too much. Food companies test to find it.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.2 (grade 7)

bliss pointEnglish
The amount of an ingredient, such as sugar or salt, at which people like a food the most. More or less than that, and liking drops.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.1 (grade 8)

blossomEnglish
A flower on a fruit tree. Each apple begins as a blossom.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.3 (grade 1)

blossom end rotEnglish
A dark, sunken spot on the bottom of tomatoes and peppers caused by a shortage of calcium in the fruit, usually from uneven watering.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.4 (grade 4)

boarEnglish
An adult male pig kept for raising piglets. A young male raised for market is a barrow.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.2 (grade 4)

board footEnglish
A volume of lumber equal to 144 cubic inches: a board 1 inch thick, 12 inches wide and 1 foot long.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 3.1 (grade 9–12)

boardinghouseEnglish
A house where workers rented a bed and ate their meals, run by a keeper who also enforced rules.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)

body condition scoreEnglish
A 1-to-9 scale veterinarians use to judge whether an animal is too thin, ideal or overweight, by feeling the ribs and looking at the waist.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.2 (grade 6)

body condition scoreEnglish
A hands-on score of an animal’s fat cover, from 1 (very thin) to 5 (very fat) for sheep and goats, felt along the backbone and loin.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.3 (grade 6)

body languageEnglish
How an animal shows its feelings with its ears, eyes, tail and body.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.3 (grade 2)

body languageEnglish
The way an animal uses its ears, eyes, mouth, tail and posture to show how it feels.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.4 (grade 5)

body languageEnglish
The way an animal shows how it feels with its ears, eyes, tail and body.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.4 (grade K)

boilEnglish
When water gets so hot that big bubbles rise and burst. Water boils at 212 degrees at sea level.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 1)

boilEnglish
When water gets so hot that big bubbles of steam rise and pop all over. Water boils at 212 °F.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.1 (grade 2)

boilEnglish
Water bubbling hard all over, with big bubbles that keep breaking. At sea level, water boils at 212 °F (100 °C).
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.3 (grade 3)

boiling pointEnglish
The temperature at which a liquid boils. Water boils at 212 °F (100 °C) at sea level.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)

boiling pointEnglish
The temperature at which a liquid’s vapor pressure equals the air pressure on it, so bubbles of vapor form throughout the liquid.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)

boiling pointEnglish
The temperature at which a liquid boils. For water it depends on the air pressure above it: 212 °F (100 °C) at sea level, lower at high altitude, higher in a sealed pressure cooker.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)

boltEnglish
A headed, externally threaded fastener meant to pass through holes in the parts and be tightened by turning a nut.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 1.2 (grade 9–12)

boltingEnglish
When a leafy crop like lettuce or spinach suddenly sends up a flower stalk, often in long, hot days, and its leaves turn bitter.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.4 (grade 5)

boltingEnglish
When a leafy crop such as lettuce or spinach suddenly sends up a flower stalk, turning bitter.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.3 (grade 7)

bondEnglish
A loan to a company or government, which promises to pay interest and repay the amount on a set date.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.3 (grade 5)

bondEnglish
A written promise by a borrower, such as a government or company, to pay interest at set times and repay the amount borrowed on a set date.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.3 (grade 6)

bondEnglish
A loan to a government or company that pays a fixed amount of interest (the coupon) and repays the original amount (the principal) on a set date (maturity).
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.1 (grade 7)

bondEnglish
A loan to a government or company, represented by a certificate that promises regular interest payments and repayment of the principal on a set date.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.3 (grade 8)

bondEnglish
A loan to a government or company in exchange for regular interest payments and repayment of the face value at maturity.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 7.3 (grade 9–12)

bookkeeperEnglish
A person whose job is to keep a business’s money records.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 3)

bookkeepingEnglish
Keeping an honest written record of money that comes in and goes out.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 3)

bookkeepingEnglish
Writing down every amount of money that comes in and goes out, in order, so the records are complete and true.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 4)

bookkeepingEnglish
Recording every money transaction of a business, in order, in its books.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 5)

bootstrappingEnglish
Starting and growing a business with the owner’s own savings and the business’s own profits, without outside loans or investors.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.2 (grade 7)

bootstrappingEnglish
Starting and growing a business with the founder’s own savings and the business’s own earnings, without outside money.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.2 (grade 8)

bore and strokeEnglish
The bore is the cylinder’s diameter; the stroke is how far the piston travels from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC).
Shop & Trades, Lesson 9.1 (grade 9–12)

botanistEnglish
A scientist who studies plants.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3) · Explore Crafts and Making · Ranger, Stop 3.6 (Ages 10–13) · Grade 3 Physical Education & Health, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)

botulismEnglish
A dangerous illness caused by a poison made by Clostridium botulinum bacteria that can grow in sealed, low-acid food that was not processed correctly.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.4 (grade 6)

botulismEnglish
A dangerous illness caused by a toxin from Clostridium botulinum, whose spores survive boiling and grow in sealed, low-acid, airless food.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.3 (grade 8)

box fillEnglish
The code limit on how many conductors and devices a box may hold, based on its volume: 2.00 in³ per 14 AWG conductor and 2.25 in³ per 12 AWG conductor.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 5.4 (grade 9–12)

braiseEnglish
To cook food slowly in a covered pot with a small amount of liquid.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.3 (grade 6)

braiseEnglish
To brown food and then cook it slowly, covered, in a small amount of liquid until tender.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.3 (grade 7)

brake fadeEnglish
Loss of braking from overheated pads, rotors or boiling brake fluid.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 10.3 (grade 9–12)

branEnglish
The brown outside coat of the kernel. It has fiber.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 2)

branEnglish
The tough outer layers of a grain kernel, rich in fiber, B vitamins and minerals.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)

branEnglish
The tough outer layers of a grain, rich in fiber, B vitamins and minerals.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.2 (grade 6)

branEnglish
The tough brown outer layer of the kernel, full of fiber.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.4 (grade 4)

branchEnglish
An office of a business in another city, managed under the main firm.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 4.4 (grade 11–12)

branchEnglish
An office of a business in another city.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3) · Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.2 (grade 5)

branch collarEnglish
The slightly swollen ring at the base of a branch where it joins the trunk; cutting just outside it lets the wound seal well.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.3 (grade 7)

brandEnglish
A name or mark that identifies a seller’s product and carries its reputation.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 3.2 (grade 11–12)

brandEnglish
A name or mark that customers know and trust.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.4 (grade 1)

brandEnglish
A maker’s name or mark that customers trust.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.3 (grade 2)

brandEnglish
A name or mark that customers learn to trust for a certain quality.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)

brandEnglish
A name or mark that customers trust to stand for a certain quality.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5)

brandEnglish
A name, symbol or design that customers recognize and trust to stand for a certain quality.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.3 (grade 6)

brandEnglish
The name, look and reputation that customers connect with a product or company, and the promise of what they will get.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.4 (grade 7)

brazing and solderingEnglish
Joining with a filler metal that melts below the base metal, which does not melt. Brazing fillers melt above 450 °C (840 °F); soldering fillers melt below it.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 7.3 (grade 9–12)

break-bulk cargoEnglish
Goods loaded and unloaded piece by piece, in sacks, crates and barrels, as most cargo was before containers.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 10.1 (grade 11–12)

break-even pointEnglish
The number of items you must sell so that your total sales equal your total costs: fixed costs ÷ profit per unit.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.4 (grade 5)

break-even pointEnglish
The number of units you must sell to cover your fixed costs: break-even = fixed costs ÷ (price − variable cost per unit).
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.1 (grade 6)

break-even pointEnglish
The number of units at which total revenue equals total cost: fixed costs ÷ contribution margin.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.4 (grade 7)

break-even pointEnglish
The number of units you must sell for revenue to equal total costs: fixed costs ÷ (price − variable cost per unit).
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.4 (grade 8)

break-even pointEnglish
The number of units you must sell for revenue to equal costs; beyond it, you make a profit.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.4 (grade 8)

break-even quantityEnglish
The number of parts at which two processes cost the same; above it the one with the higher fixed cost but lower cost per part wins.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 8.5 (grade 9–12)

breakfastEnglish
The first meal of the day. It “breaks the fast” of the night.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.4 (grade 2)

breakfastEnglish
The first meal of the day. It “breaks the fast” of the night, when we did not eat while we slept.
Kindergarten Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.4 (grade K)

breedEnglish
A group of dogs with a shared ancestry and a predictable look and temperament, developed by people choosing which dogs to raise puppies from.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.2 (grade 7)

breedEnglish
A group of animals within a species that share a consistent appearance and traits and pass them reliably to their offspring.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.3 (grade 8)

breed standardEnglish
A written description of the ideal bird or rabbit of a breed; for poultry it is the American Poultry Association’s Standard of Perfection.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 5)

Bretton Woods systemEnglish
The international monetary system of 1944–1971, in which currencies were pegged to the U.S. dollar and the dollar was convertible into gold for foreign governments at $35 an ounce.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 6.2 (grade 11–12)

Bretton Woods systemEnglish
The arrangement agreed in 1944 under which other currencies were fixed to the U.S. dollar, and foreign central banks could exchange dollars for gold at $35 an ounce.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 8)

bridge gripEnglish
Making an arch over the food with your thumb on one side and fingers on the other, then cutting under the arch, between them.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)

bridge gripEnglish
Holding a round food with your thumb on one side and fingers on the other, making a bridge, and cutting down through the gap under your hand.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.3 (grade 4)

bridge gripEnglish
Making an arch over the food with your thumb on one side and your fingers on the other, then cutting down through the middle of the arch, under your hand.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)

brigadeEnglish
A team of cooks in which each person has one station and one job, all led by a head chef.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)

brineEnglish
Water with salt dissolved in it, sometimes with vinegar, sugar and spices, used for pickling.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.3 (grade 5)

brineEnglish
A solution of salt in water, sometimes with sugar and seasonings, used to season meat and help it stay juicy.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.4 (grade 7)

brineEnglish
Salt water. A salt-and-ice brine can fall well below 32 °F, cold enough to freeze ice cream.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.4 (grade 8)

briningEnglish
Soaking food in salt water. Brined beans cook up with softer skins and creamier insides.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)

briquetteEnglish
A small, pillow-shaped block of crushed charcoal pressed together with a binder such as starch, so it burns evenly.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.1 (grade 6)

brittle fractureEnglish
Sudden cracking with almost no stretching or warning, which happens in some steels below their transition temperature, especially from a sharp notch.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 7.4 (grade 9–12)

broadcastEnglish
To scatter seed over the surface by hand or machine instead of planting in rows.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.4 (grade 4)

broadcast sowingEnglish
Scattering seed by hand or machine over the surface of a field.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.4 (grade 5)

broodEnglish
The eggs, larvae and pupae of bees, developing in the cells of the comb.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.4 (grade 5)

broodEnglish
The eggs, larvae and pupae of bees in the comb. Capped worker brood under tan wax caps should form a solid pattern.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.4 (grade 7)

brooderEnglish
A warm, safe pen where young chicks live until they grow feathers, usually about 6 weeks.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 5)

browningEnglish
The deep color and rich flavor that form on the surface of foods heated above about 300 °F, mostly from the Maillard reaction (Unit 5).
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.3 (grade 7)

brownsEnglish
Dry, brown things for compost, like dead leaves, straw and shredded paper.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 1)

brownsEnglish
Dry, dead compost materials such as fallen leaves, straw, shredded paper and cardboard. They are rich in carbon.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 2)

brownsEnglish
Dry, carbon-rich materials such as dead leaves, straw, shredded paper and cardboard.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 3)

brownsEnglish
Dry, carbon-rich materials such as dead leaves, straw, shredded paper and wood chips.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 5)

browseEnglish
To nibble twigs, buds and leaves from bushes and young trees.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.3 (grade 1)

browseEnglish
To nibble leaves, twigs and bushes. Goats are browsers, while sheep and cows mostly graze on grass.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 2)

browseEnglish
To eat twigs, buds and leaves of bushes and trees; also the plants that deer eat.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)

browseEnglish
To feed on leaves, twigs and buds of plants. Deer are browsers.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.4 (grade 4)

browseEnglish
The twigs, buds and leaves of woody plants that deer and other animals eat; also the act of eating them.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)

browseEnglish
The leaves, twigs and buds of woody plants that deer eat; also the act of eating them.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)

browseEnglish
To nibble leaves, twigs and buds from bushes and trees, the way deer eat.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.3 (grade K)

browse lineEnglish
A visible line, about 5 to 6 feet off the ground, below which deer have eaten nearly every leaf and twig.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)

browse lineEnglish
A clear line in a woods below which deer have eaten almost every leaf and twig, about 5–6 feet off the ground.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)

browserEnglish
An animal that likes to eat leaves, twigs and shrubs more than grass, as goats and deer do.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.2 (grade 3)

browserEnglish
An animal, like a goat, that prefers to eat leaves, twigs and shrubs; sheep are grazers that prefer grass.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.3 (grade 6)

BTUEnglish
British thermal unit: the heat needed to raise 1 pound of water by 1 °F, about 1,055 J. Furnaces and air conditioners are rated in BTU per hour; 1\ \text{W} = 3.412\ \text{BTU/h}.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 6.1 (grade 9–12)

bubbleEnglish
A time when prices rise far above the true value of what is being bought, driven by excitement, until they collapse.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.2 (grade 7)

bubbleEnglish
A period when the price of an asset rises far above any reasonable estimate of its value, driven by buyers expecting to sell to someone else at a higher price, followed by a collapse.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 8.1 (grade 9–12)

buckEnglish
A male deer. A female deer is a doe, and a baby is a fawn.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.3 (grade 1)

budgetEnglish
A plan for how to use your money.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.1 (grade 1)

budgetEnglish
A plan for how money will be given, saved and spent.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.4 (grade 3)

budgetEnglish
A plan for how money will be used before it is spent.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.1 (grade 4)

budgetEnglish
A plan for how to use a limited amount of money (or time).
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)

budgetEnglish
A plan for how to divide your income among giving, saving and spending before the money is gone.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.1 (grade 5)

budgetEnglish
A plan for how money coming in will be given, saved and spent.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.4 (grade 7)

budgetEnglish
A written plan for how income will be divided among giving, saving and spending for a period, usually a month.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 2.1 (grade 9–12)

budgetEnglish
A plan for how much money you will spend.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.3 (grade 5)

budgetEnglish
A plan for how much money to spend.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.1 (grade 6)

budgetEnglish
A plan for how much money will be spent on something over a period of time, such as groceries for a month.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.1 (grade 8)

budgetEnglish
A plan for how much money will be needed and spent.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)

builderEnglish
An inventor, engineer, manager or craftsman who designs and makes the product or the way it is made.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.1 (grade 3)

builderEnglish
An inventor, engineer, manager or craftsman who designs and makes the product or the system that makes it.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4) · Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5)

building and loan associationEnglish
A cooperative in which members pooled regular savings and took turns borrowing to buy or build homes.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 9.4 (grade 9–12)

building permit and inspectionEnglish
Official permission to do construction work, followed by inspections at set stages (footings, framing, rough plumbing and electrical, insulation, final) to confirm the work meets code.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 4.5 (grade 9–12)

Bureau of Engraving and PrintingEnglish
The part of our government that prints America’s paper money.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.4 (grade 2)

burrEnglish
A seed case covered with hooks that catch on fur and clothing.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.3 (grade 4)

burrowEnglish
A tunnel and nest that an animal digs under the ground.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade 1)

burrowEnglish
A tunnel and nest dug underground. Hamsters and gerbils love to dig them.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.2 (grade 2)

burrowEnglish
A tunnel an animal digs. Earthworm burrows let air and water into the soil.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.4 (grade 4)

bushelEnglish
A unit for grain; by standard weight, a bushel of corn is 56 pounds and a bushel of wheat or soybeans is 60 pounds.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.4 (grade 6)

bushelEnglish
A unit for grain; a bushel of shelled corn weighs 56 pounds, and a bushel of soybeans or wheat weighs 60 pounds.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.4 (grade 7)

bushelEnglish
A unit of grain measure; a bushel of corn weighs 56 pounds, of soybeans and wheat 60 pounds.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.3 (grade 8)

businessEnglish
A group of people who make or do something good and sell it.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 4.2 (grade K)

business cycleEnglish
The recurring rise and fall of economic activity around its long-run trend.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 9.3 (grade 11–12)

business modelEnglish
The plan for how a business creates value for customers and earns money doing it.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.1 (grade 8)

business planEnglish
A written plan that tells what a business will sell, to whom, for how much, and how it will run.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.1 (grade 3)

business planEnglish
A written plan that says what a business will do, for whom, at what price, and how.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.1 (grade 4)

business planEnglish
A written plan that explains what a business will sell, to whom, at what price, how it will make a profit and what risks it faces.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.1 (grade 5)

business planEnglish
A written description of a business: what it sells, to whom, how it will make and sell it, who will run it, what it will cost and how it will earn a profit.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.1 (grade 6)

business planEnglish
A written document describing what a business will sell, to whom, at what price, how it will operate, its expected finances and its risks.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.1 (grade 8)

butterfatEnglish
The fat in milk, which rises as cream and is churned into butter.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.2 (grade 5)

buttermilkEnglish
The thin, watery liquid left over after butter is made.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.2 (grade 1)

buttermilkEnglish
The thin liquid left over after butter is churned.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.2 (grade 2)

buy and holdEnglish
Buying investments to keep for many years rather than trading them often.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 8.5 (grade 9–12)

buyerEnglish
A person who pays money for something. A buyer is also called a customer.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 3.1 (grade K)

buying on marginEnglish
Buying stock with money borrowed from a broker, putting up only part of the price yourself.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.3 (grade 8)

cacheEnglish
(Say it like “cash.”) A hidden store of food.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade 1)

CADEnglish
Computer-aided design: software for drawing and modeling parts precisely. Tinkercad builds parts by adding and subtracting simple shapes; Onshape and other parametric programs build them from dimensioned sketches and features.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 8.3 (grade 9–12)

CaesarEnglish
The title of the ruler of the Roman Empire in Jesus’ day.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade K)

calciumEnglish
A mineral in milk, cheese, yogurt and some green vegetables that helps build strong bones and teeth.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 1)

calciumEnglish
A mineral that makes bones and teeth hard and strong. Almost all the calcium in your body is in your bones and teeth.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 3)

calciumEnglish
A mineral that builds strong bones and teeth; milk, yogurt and cheese are rich in it.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 5)

calendarEnglish
A chart of the months of the year.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.3 (grade 2)

calfEnglish
A baby cow.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.3 (grade K)

calibrateEnglish
To check a measuring tool against a known standard (ice water is 32 °F, or 0 °C) and correct it.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.3 (grade 7)

caliperEnglish
The clamp on a disc brake whose hydraulic piston presses the pads against the spinning rotor.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 10.3 (grade 9–12)

callEnglish
A short sound, such as a chip or a scold, that birds use all year to keep in touch or warn of danger.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)

callingEnglish
The work God gives a person to do to serve Him and serve others; also called a vocation.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3)

calming signalsEnglish
Small signs of stress, such as lip licking, yawning, looking away or showing the whites of the eyes.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.4 (grade 5)

caloric theoryEnglish
The old idea, common before 1800, that heat was an invisible fluid called “caloric” that flowed from hot things into cold ones.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)

CalorieEnglish
A unit of energy in food. One food Calorie is the energy needed to warm 1 kilogram of water by 1 °C.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)

calorieEnglish
A unit of food energy. Carbohydrate and protein give about 4 calories per gram, and fat about 9. It measures energy, the way a gallon measures fuel.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)

Calorie (food Calorie)English
A unit of energy: the heat needed to warm 1 kilogram of water by 1 °C. A food Calorie is 1,000 small calories, so it is also called a kilocalorie (kcal).
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)

calorimeterEnglish
An instrument that measures heat. Atwater’s respiration calorimeter measured the heat a person gave off; food scientists also burn food in a sealed steel calorimeter to measure its energy.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)

Calvin cycleEnglish
The light-independent reactions in the fluid (stroma) of the chloroplast, where the enzyme RuBisCO fixes carbon dioxide into sugar using energy from the light reactions.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)

cambiumEnglish
A thin layer of dividing cells just under the bark; in a graft, the cambium of scion and rootstock must touch to grow together.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.3 (grade 6)

cambiumEnglish
The thin layer of dividing cells just under the bark; in a graft, the cambium of scion and rootstock must touch to grow together.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.2 (grade 8)

cam-outEnglish
A driver bit climbing out of a screw’s recess under torque, which strips the recess and can slip into the work or your hand.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 1.2 (grade 9–12)

canalEnglish
A long waterway dug by people so that boats can carry goods.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.3 (grade 2)

canalEnglish
A waterway dug by people so boats can carry goods and passengers where there is no natural river.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.4 (grade 4)

candlingEnglish
Shining a bright light through an egg to check its air cell, yolk and shell for grading.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 6)

candlingEnglish
Shining a bright light through an egg in a dark room to see the air cell, yolk and any developing chick.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 7)

canningEnglish
Keeping food by sealing it in jars or cans and heating it enough to destroy germs, so it can be stored for a long time.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.3 (grade 4)

canningEnglish
Sealing food in jars or cans and heating it long enough to destroy the microbes inside, so that it keeps on the shelf.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.3 (grade 5)

canningEnglish
Sealing food in jars or cans and heating it to kill microorganisms, so it keeps on the shelf.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.3 (grade 6)

canningEnglish
Sealing food in jars and heating it to kill microbes, which also forms a vacuum seal that keeps new ones out.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.4 (grade 5)

capitalEnglish
Goods made to produce other goods, such as tools, machines and buildings; human capital is skill built in people.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 1.5 (grade 11–12)

capitalEnglish
Machines, buildings and tools used to produce other goods.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 7.1 (grade 11–12)

capitalEnglish
The money, tools, machines and buildings used to make goods and services.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)

capitalEnglish
The tools, machines, buildings and money used to produce goods and services; also called capital goods.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)

capitalEnglish
The money, machines, buildings and tools used to produce goods, and the owners’ willingness to risk them.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)

capital accountEnglish
A record of how much each partner has put into the business and taken out of it.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.3 (grade 7)

capital contributionEnglish
The money or property a partner puts into the business.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.1 (grade 7)

capital deepeningEnglish
Increasing the amount of capital per worker.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 10.4 (grade 11–12)

capital gainEnglish
The increase in an investment’s price above what you paid for it.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 7.2 (grade 9–12)

capital goodsEnglish
Goods made by people and used to produce other goods and services, such as tools, machines, vehicles and buildings.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)

capital goodsEnglish
Tools, machines and buildings used to make other goods.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)

capitalizationEnglish
Adding unpaid interest to the principal, so that future interest is charged on it.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 4.4 (grade 9–12)

capped honeyEnglish
Honey that bees have dried to about 18 percent water and sealed in its cell with a wax lid.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.4 (grade 6)

capsaicinEnglish
The natural chemical in hot peppers that makes them feel hot and burning in your mouth. Say it “cap-SAY-uh-sin.”
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.3 (grade 3)

capsaicinEnglish
The compound in chili peppers that makes them feel hot. Say it “cap-SAY-uh-sin.”
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.1 (grade 4)

capsaicinEnglish
The chemical in chili peppers that makes them feel hot. Say it “cap-SAY-uh-sin.”
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.2 (grade 6)

capsaicinEnglish
The compound in chili peppers that creates a burning feeling. It is concentrated in the white ribs and seeds.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 7)

captionEnglish
Words under a picture that tell who, what, where and when.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.3 (grade 3)

caramelizationEnglish
The breakdown of sugar by heat into hundreds of new compounds that give brown color and nutty, buttery, slightly bitter flavors. It needs only sugar and heat, not protein.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)

caramelizeEnglish
To brown the natural sugars in food with heat, which makes it taste sweeter and richer.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.3 (grade 3)

caramelizeEnglish
To brown sugars with heat, making sweet, nutty flavors. Roasting caramelizes vegetables.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.2 (grade 4)

caramelizeEnglish
To brown sugar with heat, making new sweet, nutty, slightly bitter flavors.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 4)

caramelizeEnglish
To heat food until its sugars turn golden brown and taste nutty and rich.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 5)

caramelized onionsEnglish
Onions cooked slowly until their natural sugars brown and they become soft, sweet and deep brown. Both caramelization and the Maillard reaction take part.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)

caravanEnglish
A group of traders and animals traveling together for safety.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.4 (grade 2)

caravanEnglish
A group of traders and pack animals, such as camels, traveling together for safety.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.3 (grade 4)

caravanEnglish
A long line of traders and pack animals, such as camels, traveling together.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)

caravanEnglish
A large group of traders and pack animals, especially camels, traveling together across a desert.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)

carbohydrateEnglish
Sugars, starches and fiber. Starches and sugars are the body’s main everyday fuel; fiber helps digestion and fullness.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)

carbohydrateEnglish
Sugars and starches, found in grains, fruit, vegetables, beans and milk. The body breaks them down to glucose for energy.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 8)

carbon dioxideEnglish
The gas that yeast makes. Its bubbles make dough rise.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.4 (grade 2)

carbon dioxideEnglish
A gas with no color or smell. Yeast makes it, and its bubbles make bread dough rise.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.3 (grade 3)

carbon dioxideEnglish
The gas in the bubbles that makes biscuits, pancakes and bread rise. You breathe it out, too.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.3 (grade 4)

carbon dioxideEnglish
The gas yeast gives off as it feeds. Its bubbles, trapped in dough, make bread light.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.4 (grade 5)

carbon dioxideEnglish
A gas in the air that people and animals breathe out and plants take in through tiny holes in their leaves.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 2)

carbon dioxideEnglish
A gas in the air that we breathe out and plants take in.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)

carbon monoxide (CO)English
A colorless, odorless gas from incomplete combustion that binds to the blood’s hemoglobin about 200 times more strongly than oxygen.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 6.2 (grade 9–12)

carbonatedEnglish
Bubbly, with carbon dioxide gas dissolved in it.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.3 (grade 3)

carcassEnglish
The bones and frame of a roasted bird left after the meat is removed. It makes excellent broth.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.2 (grade 8)

cardinalEnglish
A songbird with a pointed crest on its head. The male is bright red; the female is brown with red edges.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade K)

cardingEnglish
Brushing wool fibers so they all lie the same way, ready to spin.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.3 (grade 3)

careerEnglish
The series of jobs a person holds over a working life, usually growing in skill and responsibility.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 1.1 (grade 9–12)

carnivoreEnglish
An animal that eats mostly meat. Cats need meat-based cat food.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.3 (grade 2)

carpenterEnglish
A person who builds things from wood.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 4.3 (grade K)

carrierEnglish
An animal that often has and spreads a disease. Raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes are the main rabies carriers in the United States.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.3 (grade 4)

carrying capacityEnglish
The largest population of a species that an area can support year after year without damaging its habitat.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.1 (grade 6)

carrying capacityEnglish
The largest population of a species that an area’s food, water and shelter can support year after year without being damaged.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)

carrying capacityEnglish
The largest population an area can support over time without damaging its food, water and cover.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.1 (grade 8)

carryover cookingEnglish
The way food keeps cooking for a few minutes from its own heat after it comes off the fire.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.2 (grade 5)

carryover cookingEnglish
The rise in a food’s inside temperature after it leaves the heat, as hot outer layers keep sending heat toward the cooler center.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.3 (grade 7)

carryover cookingEnglish
The rise in temperature that continues after meat leaves the heat, because the hot outside keeps warming the cooler center.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.3 (grade 8)

carryover cookingEnglish
The rise in temperature after meat leaves the heat. A thick chop may rise 3–5 °F as it rests.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 8)

cartelEnglish
A group of firms that agree to fix prices or limit output, acting together like a monopoly.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 3.3 (grade 11–12)

cartelEnglish
A group of sellers who agree not to compete, for example by fixing prices or limiting how much they produce.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.3 (grade 5)

cartelEnglish
A group of sellers who agree to limit how much they produce or to fix prices, so they can charge more than competition would allow.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.4 (grade 7)

carvingEnglish
Cutting cooked meat into serving pieces, following the joints and slicing across the grain.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.2 (grade 8)

casein glueEnglish
Glue made from milk protein and lime; it sets chemically and was the first fairly water-resistant woodworking glue.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 2.2 (grade 9–12)

cash and carryEnglish
A store where customers pay cash and carry their own groceries home, with no credit or delivery.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.4 (grade 4)

cash basisEnglish
Recording revenue when cash comes in and expenses when cash goes out.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade 7)

cash boxEnglish
A box that holds the money for a stand, with coins for making change.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.3 (grade 3)

cash budgetEnglish
A plan showing expected cash coming in and going out, month by month, so that shortages can be seen ahead of time.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.4 (grade 6)

cash countEnglish
Counting the money in the cash box and comparing it with what the records say should be there.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade 8)

cash flowEnglish
The money actually coming into and going out of a business over a period of time.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.4 (grade 6)

cash registerEnglish
A machine in a store that adds up sales, holds the money and prints receipts.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.4 (grade 2)

cashierEnglish
The worker in a store who takes the money and gives the change.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade 1)

cashierEnglish
The person in a shop who adds up what you buy and takes the money.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade K)

casseroleEnglish
A dish baked and served in the same deep pan, such as baked pasta.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.1 (grade 3)

cast ironEnglish
Iron melted and poured into a mold. A cast-iron pan is heavy, heats slowly and holds heat a long time.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)

castingsEnglish
Worm droppings. They are a rich plant food.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.2 (grade 1)

castingsEnglish
Worm droppings. They are a rich, dark plant food.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.4 (grade 2)

castingsEnglish
Earthworm droppings; a rich, crumbly natural fertilizer.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)

castingsEnglish
Earthworm droppings: rich, crumbly bits of soil full of nutrients and helpful microbes.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.4 (grade 4)

castingsEnglish
Worm droppings. They are full of plant food and make soil rich.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.2 (grade K)

catalogEnglish
A book or list of goods for sale, with pictures, descriptions and prices.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)

catalogEnglish
A book or list of goods for sale, with descriptions, pictures and prices.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.3 (grade 4)

catalogEnglish
A printed list of products with descriptions, numbers and sometimes pictures, so customers can order by mail.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.2 (grade 8)

caterpillarEnglish
The young (larva) of a butterfly or moth. It eats leaves and grows fast.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.2 (grade 2)

caterpillarEnglish
The young, worm-like stage of a butterfly or moth. Caterpillars eat leaves.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.2 (grade K)

cation exchange capacity (CEC)English
A measure of how many positively charged nutrients (calcium, magnesium, potassium) a soil can hold; clay and organic matter raise it.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.4 (grade 6)

cation exchange capacity (CEC)English
A measure of how many positively charged nutrient ions (cations) such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and ammonium a soil can hold on its clay and humus.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)

cattleEnglish
Cows, bulls, steers and calves. A cow is a grown female, a bull is a grown male, and a calf is a baby.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.2 (grade 2)

cavity nestEnglish
A nest inside a hole in a tree, post or birdhouse.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.4 (grade 3)

cavity nesterEnglish
A bird that nests inside a hole in a tree or a nest box, such as a bluebird, chickadee, wren or tree swallow.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.4 (grade 6)

cavyEnglish
Another name for a guinea pig. 4-H clubs and shows call them cavies.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.1 (grade 2)

celebrateEnglish
To be glad together on a special day.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.4 (grade 2)

cellEnglish
The smallest living unit. All plants and animals are made of cells.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)

cell wallEnglish
The stiff outer layer of a plant cell, made of cellulose, that gives plants their shape.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)

cell wallEnglish
The stiff outer layer of a plant cell, made mostly of cellulose, that supports and protects it.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)

cellular respirationEnglish
The process by which living cells, in plants and animals, break down sugar with oxygen to release energy, giving off carbon dioxide and water.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)

cellular respirationEnglish
The process in all living cells, plants included, that releases energy from sugar using oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide and water.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)

cellular respirationEnglish
The process by which cells break down glucose with oxygen to release usable energy (ATP), producing carbon dioxide and water: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)

CelsiusEnglish
A temperature scale where water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees, named for Anders Celsius.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.3 (grade 3)

Celsius (°C)English
The temperature scale used by scientists and most countries. Water freezes at 0 °C and boils at 100 °C.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)

centEnglish
One penny. One hundred cents make one dollar.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 1)

centEnglish
One hundredth of a dollar. 100 cents make $1. It is written ¢.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 2)

centEnglish
The smallest amount of money in America. A penny is one cent, written 1¢.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade K)

central bankEnglish
A bank that serves the government and other banks, issues currency and acts as lender of last resort.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 5.2 (grade 11–12)

central bankEnglish
A nation’s bank for banks and for the government, which manages the supply of money; in the United States, the Federal Reserve.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.4 (grade 5)

central bankEnglish
A nation’s main bank, which acts as the government’s bank and the bankers’ bank, issues or manages the currency, and works to keep money and the banking system sound.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 6)

central leaderEnglish
A training system with one main upright trunk and tiers of side branches, like a Christmas tree; used for apples and pears.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.3 (grade 7)

central leader and open centerEnglish
Two common ways to prune fruit trees: a central leader keeps one main trunk with tiers of branches (apples), while an open center removes the middle to form a vase shape (peaches).
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.4 (grade 8)

central planningEnglish
An economic system in which a government agency decides what to produce, how and for whom, and sets prices.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 8.5 (grade 11–12)

central planningEnglish
An economic system in which government planners, not markets, decide what is produced, how much, by whom and at what price.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.4 (grade 8)

central vacuoleEnglish
A large, water-filled sac in a plant cell; when full, it presses outward and keeps the plant firm.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)

cerealEnglish
Food made from grains like wheat, corn, oats or rice.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.3 (grade 1)

certified welderEnglish
A welder who has passed a practical test to a written procedure and code (for example AWS D1.1 for structural steel); the certification covers the process, position and thickness tested.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 7.5 (grade 9–12)

CFMEnglish
Cubic feet per minute of airflow. Residential systems move roughly 350–450 CFM per ton of cooling.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 6.5 (grade 9–12)

chain storeEnglish
One of many stores with the same name and owner, selling the same kinds of goods.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.3 (grade 4)

chalazaeEnglish
Twisted, rope-like strands of white that hold the yolk in the center of the egg.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 7)

changeEnglish
The money you get back when you pay more than the price.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade 1)

changeEnglish
The money you give back when a customer pays more than the price.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.3 (grade 2) · Explore Crafts and Making, Stop 4.7 (Ages 7–9) · Explore Hospitality and Home, Stop 4.4 (Ages 7–9)

changeEnglish
The money given back when a customer pays more than the price.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.3 (grade 3)

changeEnglish
The money a seller gives back when a customer pays more than the price.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 6.3 (grade K)

charcoalEnglish
Wood that has been heated with very little air, driving off water and gases and leaving nearly pure carbon that burns hot and steady.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.1 (grade 6)

charitable deductionEnglish
A gift to a qualified charity that may, under tax rules for those who itemize, reduce taxable income.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 2.3 (grade 9–12)

charityEnglish
Giving money or help to people in need.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.2 (grade 2)

charityEnglish
Help given to people in need, or a group that gives such help.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.4 (grade 3)

charityEnglish
Help given to people in need; also an organization that helps them.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.4 (grade 4)

chartEnglish
A picture or table that shows information in rows and columns.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 7.3 (grade K)

chart of accountsEnglish
The list of all the accounts a business uses, grouped as assets, liabilities, owner’s equity, revenue and expenses.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade 6)

charterEnglish
An official paper from a king or government that creates a company and gives it rights.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.1 (grade 4)

charterEnglish
A written grant from a ruler or government giving a company the right to exist and to do certain things, sometimes with special rights.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)

chartered companyEnglish
A company given special rights by a government, such as a monopoly on a trade, in return for serving the state.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)

checking accountEnglish
A bank account for everyday payments: deposits, debit-card purchases, checks, bill payments and transfers.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 3.2 (grade 9–12)

checklistEnglish
A list of steps to complete so nothing is forgotten.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.3 (grade 4)

checkoutEnglish
The place in a store where you pay for what you chose.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.4 (grade 2)

cheddarEnglish
A firm cheese first made in the village of Cheddar in England.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 2)

cheek pouchEnglish
A stretchy pocket inside a chipmunk’s cheek for carrying food.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade 1) · Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.3 (grade 3)

cheek pouchesEnglish
Stretchy pockets inside a hamster’s cheeks where it carries food to store.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.2 (grade 2)

chefEnglish
The head cook in a kitchen. The word means “chief” in French.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.3 (grade 2)

chemistEnglish
A scientist who studies what things are made of.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.4 (grade 1) · Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.4 (grade 2)

chick starterEnglish
A feed made for baby chicks, with about 18 to 20 percent protein, ground small enough for them to eat.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 5)

chickpeasEnglish
Round, beige legumes, also called garbanzo beans, full of protein and fiber. Hummus is made from them.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.4 (grade 4)

child laborEnglish
Children doing long, hard jobs for pay instead of going to school.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.3 (grade 1)

child laborEnglish
When young children must work long hours at hard or dangerous jobs instead of going to school.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.3 (grade 2)

child laborEnglish
Children working long hours in jobs that keep them from school or harm their health.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.3 (grade 3)

child laborEnglish
Children working long hours for wages, especially in factories, mines and mills, in place of school.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)

child laborEnglish
Work by children that keeps them from school or harms their health, as opposed to light chores or a family business.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.2 (grade 8)

chili pepperEnglish
The fruit of a pepper plant first grown in the Americas, from mild bell peppers to very hot habaneros.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.1 (grade 4)

chill hoursEnglish
The number of hours between about 32 and 45 °F that a fruit tree needs in winter to bloom and fruit normally in spring.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.4 (grade 8)

chimichurriEnglish
A green sauce from Argentina and Uruguay made of chopped parsley, oregano, garlic, oil and vinegar, served with grilled meat.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.3 (grade 4)

chimney starterEnglish
A metal cylinder with a handle that lights charcoal using crumpled newspaper underneath, with no lighter fluid.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.1 (grade 6)

chimney starterEnglish
A metal cylinder that lights charcoal with crumpled newspaper underneath. No liquid charcoal starter is needed.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.3 (grade 7)

chlorophyllEnglish
The green coloring in leaves that catches sunlight.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 2)

chlorophyllEnglish
The green substance in leaves that captures sunlight.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.2 (grade 3)

chlorophyllEnglish
The green substance in chloroplasts that captures energy from light.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)

chlorophyllEnglish
The green pigment in leaves that captures light energy.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)

chlorophyllEnglish
The green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs red and blue light to power photosynthesis.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.2 (grade 6)

chlorophyllEnglish
The green stuff in leaves that helps the plant make food from sunlight.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.2 (grade K)

chloroplastEnglish
A tiny green part inside a plant cell where photosynthesis happens.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)

chloroplastEnglish
A tiny green structure inside leaf cells where photosynthesis happens.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)

chloroplastEnglish
A green structure in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 6)

chloroplastEnglish
The organelle in leaf cells where photosynthesis happens; it contains the green pigment chlorophyll in stacks of membranes called thylakoids.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 8)

chlorosisEnglish
Yellowing of leaves because they are not making enough chlorophyll.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.4 (grade 4)

chlorosisEnglish
Yellowing of leaves because they cannot make enough chlorophyll.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.3 (grade 5)

chlorosisEnglish
Yellowing of leaves from lack of chlorophyll, often caused by too little nitrogen, iron or magnesium.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.1 (grade 6)

chlorosisEnglish
Yellowing of leaf tissue because chlorophyll is not being made, often a sign of nutrient deficiency.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)

choiceEnglish
Picking one thing when you cannot have everything.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.3 (grade 2)

choiceEnglish
Picking one thing instead of another when you cannot have both.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)

choiceEnglish
Picking one thing when you cannot have them all.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.1 (grade 4)

choiceEnglish
Deciding to use a scarce resource one way instead of another.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)

choiceEnglish
Picking one thing from two or more things.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 3.3 (grade K)

chokeEnglish
A plate ahead of the venturi that closes to restrict air, making a rich mixture for a cold start.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 9.3 (grade 9–12)

chooseEnglish
To pick one thing instead of another.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 1.2 (grade K)

chronic wasting disease (CWD)English
A fatal brain disease of deer, elk and moose caused by misfolded proteins called prions.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.2 (grade 8)

chronometerEnglish
A clock or watch accurate enough to keep time at sea, used to find longitude.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.4 (grade 6)

chuck roastEnglish
An inexpensive cut of beef from the shoulder, full of collagen, that becomes very tender when braised.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.3 (grade 6)

churnEnglish
To stir or shake cream hard until it turns into butter. Also the name of the tool used to do it.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.2 (grade 1)

churnEnglish
To shake or beat cream until it turns into butter. Also the tool used to do it.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.2 (grade 2)

cinnamonEnglish
A sweet, warm spice made from the dried inner bark of a cinnamon tree.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.3 (grade 1)

cinnamonEnglish
A sweet-smelling spice made from the dried inner bark of the cinnamon tree.
Kindergarten Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.3 (grade K)

circumnavigationEnglish
Sailing all the way around the world.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.1 (grade 7)

citationEnglish
A note telling the reader exactly where a fact or quotation came from.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 10.5 (grade 11–12) · Sports & Games of the World, Lesson 6.5 (grade 8–12)

citizen scienceEnglish
Real scientific work done by ordinary people who send careful observations to researchers.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)

citizen scienceEnglish
Research in which ordinary volunteers collect data that scientists use.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.3 (grade 8)

citrusEnglish
A family of juicy, tangy fruits with thick peels: oranges, lemons, limes and grapefruit.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.2 (grade 4)

claimEnglish
Something an advertisement says is true about a product.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.3 (grade 2)

claimEnglish
A statement that something is true, such as “lasts twice as long.”
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.3 (grade 4)

clamp timeEnglish
How long a joint must stay under pressure before it can be handled; full cure takes longer.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 2.2 (grade 9–12)

classical conditioningEnglish
Learning that one thing predicts another, as Pavlov’s dogs learned that a sound meant food was coming.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)

claw gripEnglish
Holding food with your fingertips curled under and your knuckles in front, so the side of the knife rests against your knuckles, not your fingertips.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.2 (grade 3)

claw gripEnglish
Holding food with your fingertips curled under, like a cat’s paw, so the knife blade rests against your knuckles and never your fingertips.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.3 (grade 4)

claw gripEnglish
Holding food with your fingertips curled under, like a claw, so the knife meets your knuckles and never your fingertips.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)

claw gripEnglish
Holding food with your fingertips curled under, like a claw, so the side of the knife rests against your knuckles and never meets your fingertips.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.2 (grade 5)

claw gripEnglish
Curling the fingertips of the guiding hand under, so the knuckles touch the side of the blade and the fingertips stay safely back.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)

claw marksEnglish
Little dots or lines in front of the toes, made by an animal’s claws.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.4 (grade 1)

clayEnglish
The tiniest bits of rock in soil. Clay feels sticky and smooth when wet.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.1 (grade 1)

clayEnglish
The tiniest bits of rock. Clay feels sticky when wet, holds water, and gets hard when dry.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.1 (grade 2)

clayEnglish
The tiniest particles. Clay feels sticky when wet, holds water and nutrients, and gets hard when dry.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.1 (grade 3)

clayEnglish
The smallest soil particles, less than 0.002 millimeters across; they feel sticky when wet.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.1 (grade 5)

clayEnglish
Soil made of very tiny bits. It is sticky when wet, hard when dry, and holds water a long time.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.4 (grade K)

clean as you goEnglish
A cook’s habit of washing, wiping and putting things away during cooking instead of leaving a mess for the end.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)

cleaningEnglish
Removing dirt, food bits and most germs with hot, soapy water and scrubbing.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.1 (grade 6)

cleaningEnglish
Removing dirt, food and grease from a surface with soap and water. Cleaning lifts away many germs but does not kill them all.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)

clearanceEnglish
The designed gap between two parts that must move or fit together, measured per side or on the diameter.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 8.4 (grade 9–12)

clearance volumeEnglish
The space left above the piston at top dead center: the combustion chamber.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 9.1 (grade 9–12)

clearinghouseEnglish
An association through which banks settle checks with each other and, in panics, pool reserves.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 5.3 (grade 11–12)

cleavageEnglish
Prying the parts apart at one edge of a rigid joint, so the stress concentrates along that edge.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 2.5 (grade 9–12)

clerkEnglish
A worker in a store who helps customers and sells them goods.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.2 (grade 1)

climacteric fruitEnglish
A fruit that keeps ripening after it is picked, using a natural ripening gas called ethylene (tomatoes, apples, pears, peaches, bananas).
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.3 (grade 6)

climacteric fruitEnglish
A fruit that keeps ripening after it is picked, with a burst of ethylene and respiration, such as bananas, tomatoes, apples, pears and avocados.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.4 (grade 7)

climateEnglish
The usual pattern of weather in a region over many years: average temperatures, rainfall, frost dates and seasons.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)

clippingEnglish
Shaving or cutting bits of metal off the edge of a coin to steal the silver or gold, making the coin worth less than it claims.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.2 (grade 7)

cloneEnglish
A plant grown from a piece of another plant, with exactly the same traits as its parent.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.2 (grade 5)

cloneEnglish
A plant that is genetically identical to its parent.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.3 (grade 6)

close the booksEnglish
To finish the records for a business and find out how it did.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.4 (grade 2)

close the booksEnglish
To finish the records for a period of time: add everything up, check it and write the results.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.4 (grade 3)

close the booksEnglish
To add up all the records at the end of a period and find the final totals and profit.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.4 (grade 4)

closing costsEnglish
Fees and charges paid when a home purchase is completed: loan fees, appraisal, title insurance, recording and others.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 9.3 (grade 9–12)

closing the booksEnglish
Finishing the records for a period: adding up all revenue and expenses and preparing the financial reports.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.4 (grade 5)

closing the booksEnglish
Finishing a period’s records: checking every account, preparing the statements and starting fresh for the next period.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.4 (grade 6)

closing the booksEnglish
Finishing the records at the end of a period: totaling every account, preparing final statements and settling what is owed.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.4 (grade 7)

closing the booksEnglish
Finishing the records for a period: counting cash and inventory, recording every remaining transaction and preparing the statements.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.4 (grade 8)

clovesEnglish
The dried, unopened flower buds of the clove tree, native to a few small islands in the Moluccas (now part of Indonesia).
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.1 (grade 7)

C:N ratioEnglish
The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in a material; a compost pile works best at about 30 parts carbon to 1 part nitrogen.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 5)

coagulateEnglish
When unfolded proteins link into a network that traps liquid, so a runny egg mixture sets or thickens.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.4 (grade 6)

coagulationEnglish
When unfolded proteins link to each other in a net, turning a runny food firm, as when an egg sets.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.3 (grade 5)

coalsEnglish
The glowing hot pieces left in a fire after the flames die down. Long ago, people baked bread on them.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.4 (grade 1)

coalsEnglish
Glowing pieces of burned wood or charcoal that give off strong heat for cooking.
Kindergarten Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.2 (grade K)

cogEnglish
A sturdy, round-bellied wooden sailing ship with a single square sail, used by Hanseatic merchants.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.4 (grade 4)

cohesionEnglish
The internal strength that holds the adhesive itself, or any one material, together.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 2.1 (grade 9–12)

cohesionEnglish
The attraction of water molecules to each other, which lets a column of water in the xylem hang together like a chain.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)

coinEnglish
A piece of metal of set weight and fineness, stamped by an authority that guarantees it.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 4.2 (grade 11–12)

coinEnglish
A small, flat piece of metal stamped to show how much it is worth.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 1)

coinEnglish
A small piece of metal with a set weight and a stamp that tells its value.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.2 (grade 2)

coinEnglish
A piece of metal of a set weight, stamped by a ruler or government to show its value.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.2 (grade 3)

coinEnglish
A piece of metal of a set weight and purity, stamped by a trusted authority so people can accept it without weighing it.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.2 (grade 5)

coinEnglish
A small, flat, round piece of metal stamped to show it is money.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 2.2 (grade K)

coinsuranceEnglish
Your percentage share of costs after the deductible, such as 20%.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 5.3 (grade 9–12)

coirEnglish
Fiber from coconut husks that holds water well and is a renewable substitute for peat moss.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.1 (grade 5)

cold frameEnglish
A bottomless box with a clear, sloping lid, set over soil. It traps the sun’s heat by day and shelters plants from wind and frost.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.2 (grade 7)

cold sourceEnglish
Something frozen or very cold, like an ice pack or a frozen water bottle, packed with food to keep it out of the danger zone.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.4 (grade 5)

cold-blooded (ectotherm)English
An animal that gets its body heat from its surroundings instead of making its own.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)

cold-cranking amps (CCA)English
The current a battery can deliver for 30 seconds at 0 °F (−18 °C) while staying above 7.2 V; a measure of starting power.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 10.4 (grade 9–12)

colicEnglish
Belly pain in a horse; it can be mild or life-threatening and always needs attention.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.3 (grade 7)

collagenEnglish
A tough protein in the connective tissue of meat. Long, moist heat melts it into gelatin, making meat tender.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.3 (grade 6)

collar and hamesEnglish
The padded collar that fits around a horse’s neck and shoulders, and the metal arms fastened to it, where the pulling force is applied.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.3 (grade 8)

collateralEnglish
Assets pledged to secure a loan, which the lender may take if the loan is not repaid.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 5.2 (grade 11–12)

collateralEnglish
Property a borrower promises to give up if he cannot repay a loan.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.2 (grade 7)

collateralEnglish
Property a borrower promises to give the lender if the loan is not repaid.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)

collective bargainingEnglish
Negotiation between an employer and a union representing its workers.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 7.3 (grade 11–12)

collective bargainingEnglish
Negotiation between an employer and a union representing many workers, aimed at a written agreement both sides will keep.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.3 (grade 6)

collective bargainingEnglish
Talks between an employer and a union, representing many workers, to agree on a written contract.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.1 (grade 7)

collision coverageEnglish
Pays to repair or replace your own car after a crash, minus the deductible.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 5.2 (grade 9–12)

colonyEnglish
A whole family of honeybees living together: one queen, thousands of workers and some drones.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.4 (grade 3)

colonyEnglish
A whole family of honeybees living together: one queen, thousands of workers, and in warm months some drones.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.4 (grade 4)

color temperatureEnglish
How warm or cool white light looks, in kelvins: 2700 K is warm like incandescent, 5000 K is bluish daylight.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 5.5 (grade 9–12)

columnEnglish
A tall list going down the page, with a title at the top.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.3 (grade 2)

combEnglish
The red, fleshy crest on top of a chicken’s head. A bright red comb is a sign of a healthy, laying hen.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 3)

combineEnglish
A harvesting machine that cuts the crop, threshes the grain from the plant, and cleans it in one pass.
Grade 6 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.4 (grade 6)

combineEnglish
A harvesting machine that cuts or picks the crop, threshes the grain from the plant, separates it from chaff and stores it in a tank.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.3 (grade 8)

combine harvesterEnglish
A machine that cuts or gathers a crop, threshes the grain from it, separates and cleans it, and stores it in a tank, all in one pass.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.4 (grade 7)

command economyEnglish
An economy in which government planners decide what to produce, how much, and at what price; also called a planned economy.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.4 (grade 5)

commodityEnglish
A standardized good, such as graded wheat, whose units are interchangeable whoever produced them.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 3.1 (grade 11–12)

commodity moneyEnglish
Money that is also a useful or valued thing in itself, like salt, shells, cattle or gold.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.1 (grade 3)

commodity moneyEnglish
Money that is also a useful good in itself, such as salt, cattle, shells, tobacco leaves, silver or gold.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.1 (grade 5)

common storeEnglish
A shared supply into which everyone puts what he produces and from which everyone draws, no matter how much he worked.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.1 (grade 7)

communityEnglish
The town and neighbors around a business.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.1 (grade 2)

communityEnglish
The town, neighbors and people around a business who are affected by it.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.4 (grade 3)

community helperEnglish
A worker whose job helps the people of a town, like a firefighter, nurse, farmer or mail carrier.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 1.3 (grade K)

compactionEnglish
Squeezing soil so that pores collapse, usually from feet, vehicles or working wet soil. It blocks air, water and roots.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.2 (grade 7)

companion plantingEnglish
Growing plants together that help each other.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.4 (grade 3)

company scripEnglish
Paper or tokens issued by a company instead of money, usable only at the company’s own store.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.3 (grade 8)

company townEnglish
A town built by one company, where the company provided homes, stores and services for its workers.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.4 (grade 5)

company townEnglish
A town in which one company owns most of the houses, stores and services and employs most of the people.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.3 (grade 8)

comparative advantageEnglish
The ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 1.4 (grade 11–12)

comparative advantageEnglish
The ability to produce something at a lower opportunity cost than someone else.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.3 (grade 6)

comparative advantageEnglish
Being able to produce something at a lower opportunity cost than someone else.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.4 (grade 7)

comparative advantageEnglish
The ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than someone else.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.2 (grade 8)

compensating errorsEnglish
Two mistakes of the same size on opposite sides that cancel each other out, hiding both from the trial balance.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade 6)

competitionEnglish
When two or more sellers try to win the same customers.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.2 (grade 2)

competitionEnglish
When several sellers try to win the same customers.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)

competitionEnglish
When several sellers try to win the same customers by offering better prices, quality or service.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.3 (grade 4)

competitionEnglish
When several sellers try to win the same customers by offering lower prices, better quality or better service.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5)

competitionEnglish
When plants struggle for the same limited light, water, nutrients and space.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.4 (grade 5)

competitorEnglish
Another business that sells the same kind of thing to the same customers.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.2 (grade 3)

complaintEnglish
A customer’s report that something was wrong with a product or service.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.4 (grade 4)

complementary flavorsEnglish
Flavors that make each other taste better together, like salt and sweet, or acid and fat.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 5)

complementary flavorsEnglish
Flavors that make each other better, like salt and sweet, acid and fat, or spicy heat and a cool, creamy sauce.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 6)

complementary flavorsEnglish
Flavors that share some aroma compounds or support each other, so they taste harmonious together, like tomato and basil.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 7)

complementary proteinsEnglish
Two plant foods, such as a grain and a bean, that fill in each other’s missing amino acids when eaten in the same day.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 4)

complementary proteinsEnglish
Two plant foods, such as beans and grains, whose amino acids fill each other’s gaps when eaten over the same day.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 7)

complementary skillsEnglish
Different skills that fit together, so that each partner supplies what the other lacks.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.1 (grade 7)

complete metamorphosisEnglish
A life cycle with four very different stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Beetles, butterflies and flies have it.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.3 (grade 4)

complete metamorphosisEnglish
A life cycle with four very different stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.2 (grade 5)

complete metamorphosisEnglish
A life cycle with egg, larva, pupa and adult stages, as in beetles, moths and flies; the larva often does the most feeding damage.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.3 (grade 7)

complete metamorphosisEnglish
A life cycle with four stages, egg, larva, pupa and adult, as in beetles, butterflies, moths and flies.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 8.2 (grade 8)

complete proteinEnglish
A food with all nine essential amino acids in good amounts, such as eggs, fish, meat, milk and soybeans.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 7)

complexity costEnglish
The extra cost of making, storing and managing many different parts and products.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.4 (grade 8)

compostEnglish
Old plant scraps and leaves that have rotted into dark, crumbly, rich soil.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 1)

compostEnglish
Dark, crumbly humus that gardeners make on purpose by letting plant scraps rot in a pile.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 2)

compostEnglish
Dark, crumbly material made when decomposers break down plant scraps; a rich food for soil.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 3)

compostEnglish
Organic matter that microbes have broken down into a dark, crumbly soil-builder.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade 5)

compostEnglish
Old leaves, grass and food scraps that have broken down into rich, dark soil for the garden.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.3 (grade K)

compound interestEnglish
Interest earned on your money and also on the interest you already earned, so it grows faster and faster.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.2 (grade 3)

compound interestEnglish
Interest earned on both your savings and the interest already added, so savings grow faster and faster.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.2 (grade 4)

compound interestEnglish
Interest earned on the principal and also on interest already earned, so the money grows faster and faster.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.2 (grade 5)

compound interestEnglish
Interest paid on the principal and on the interest already earned, so savings grow faster each year.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.1 (grade 6)

compoundingEnglish
Earning returns on past returns, so growth accelerates over time.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 8.5 (grade 9–12)

compound-interest formulaEnglish
A = P(1 + r)ⁿ, where P is the principal, r is the yearly rate as a decimal, n is the number of years and A is the amount at the end.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.1 (grade 6)

comprehensive coverageEnglish
Pays for damage to your car from causes other than collision: theft, fire, hail, flood, hitting an animal.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 5.2 (grade 9–12)

compression ratioEnglish
The total cylinder volume at BDC divided by the clearance volume at TDC; most mower engines are about 8:1 to 9:1.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 9.1 (grade 9–12)

compression testEnglish
Measuring the cylinder’s cranking pressure with a gauge in the plug hole to check rings, valves and head gasket.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 9.4 (grade 9–12)

compressorEnglish
A pump that squeezes the refrigerant vapor so that it becomes hot and can give up its heat to the room and turn back into a liquid.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)

compressorEnglish
The pump that squeezes low-pressure refrigerant vapor into high-pressure, high-temperature vapor and drives it around the circuit.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 6.3 (grade 9–12)

compulsory educationEnglish
A law requiring children to attend school until a certain age.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.2 (grade 5)

concentration ratioEnglish
The combined market share of the largest firms in a market; the four-firm ratio (CR4) adds the shares of the top four.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.1 (grade 8)

condensationEnglish
A gas changing back into a liquid, which releases heat.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.1 (grade 7)

condensed milkEnglish
Milk with much of its water boiled away and sugar added, so that it keeps for a long time in a sealed can.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 5)

condenserEnglish
The outdoor coil where hot vapor gives off heat to the outside air and condenses to liquid.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 6.3 (grade 9–12)

condensing furnaceEnglish
A furnace with a second heat exchanger that cools the exhaust enough to condense its water vapor, recovering latent heat; it vents through plastic pipe and drains condensate.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 6.2 (grade 9–12)

conditioningEnglish
Learning to connect a signal with something that follows it, so the body responds to the signal alone.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.1 (grade 6)

conductionEnglish
Heat moving through touching, such as from a hot pot into the handle.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)

conductionEnglish
Heat moving through a solid, or from one thing to another that touches it, from the hotter part to the cooler part.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)

conductionEnglish
Heat moving through something solid, or between two things that touch, such as from a hot pan into a pancake.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5)

conductionEnglish
Heat moving through direct contact, from a hot pan into the food touching it, or along a metal spoon.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)

conductionEnglish
Heat moving through a material or from one touching thing to another, molecule to molecule, as from a hot pan into a steak, or from the outside of a roast toward its center.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.1 (grade 8)

conduction, convection, radiationEnglish
Heat moving through solids by contact; heat carried by moving air or water; heat traveling as infrared light from warm surfaces to cooler ones.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 6.1 (grade 9–12)

conductorEnglish
A material that lets heat move through it quickly, like copper, aluminum and iron.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)

conductorEnglish
A material heat moves through easily, such as copper, aluminum and steel.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)

confectionerEnglish
A maker of candies and sweets.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.2 (grade 7)

consistencyEnglish
Everyone in the family using the same words and rules every time.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.4 (grade 3)

ConstitutionEnglish
The written plan of the United States government, adopted in 1788.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)

construction adhesiveEnglish
A thick, gap-filling adhesive in caulking tubes (synthetic rubber or polyurethane) for subfloors, paneling and framing.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 2.4 (grade 9–12)

consultative sellingEnglish
Selling by first understanding the customer’s situation and needs through questions, then recommending what truly helps, as a trusted adviser would.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.3 (grade 8)

consumerEnglish
A person who buys and uses things or help that others make or do.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.2 (grade 1)

consumerEnglish
A person who buys and uses goods and services.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.1 (grade 3) · Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.1 (grade 5)

consumerEnglish
A person who buys and uses goods and services; in a competitive market, consumers can choose among sellers.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 3.2 (grade 5)

consumerEnglish
An animal that gets energy by eating plants or other animals.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.1 (grade 4)

consumer price index (CPI)English
A measure of the average price of a fixed basket of goods and services bought by households, compared with a base year.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 6.5 (grade 11–12)

Consumer Price Index (CPI)English
The main U.S. price index, published every month by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, based on the prices of goods and services households buy.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.4 (grade 6)

contact angle (θ)English
The angle a liquid drop makes with a solid at its edge: small angles mean good wetting, angles over 90° mean poor wetting.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 2.1 (grade 9–12)

contact cementEnglish
A rubber (often neoprene) adhesive in solvent or water, spread on both surfaces, allowed to dry, then pressed together for an instant bond.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 2.4 (grade 9–12)

containerEnglish
A standard steel box that can move between ship, truck and train without its contents being unpacked.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 10.1 (grade 11–12)

containerEnglish
Anything a plant can grow in: a pot, a bucket, a box or a cup.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.1 (grade 1)

containerEnglish
Any pot, box, tub or bag used to grow a plant above the ground.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.1 (grade 3)

container gardenEnglish
A garden grown in pots, tubs, buckets, grow bags or boxes instead of in the ground.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.3 (grade 4)

contaminatedEnglish
Made unsafe by germs or harmful substances that should not be there.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.1 (grade 8)

contentmentEnglish
A settled satisfaction with what God has given, free from restless craving for more.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 2.4 (grade 9–12)

Continental dollarEnglish
Paper money printed by the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1779 to pay for the War of Independence.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 4)

contour farmingEnglish
Plowing and planting across a slope along lines of equal height, so rows act as little dams that slow runoff.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.4 (grade 8)

contour plowingEnglish
Plowing across a slope, following its level lines, so each furrow catches water instead of sending it downhill.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.4 (grade 5)

contractEnglish
A voluntary, legally enforceable agreement between parties.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 8.1 (grade 11–12)

contractEnglish
A promise between people about work or trade, often written down and signed.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.2 (grade 1)

contractEnglish
A promise or agreement, spoken or written, about what each side will do.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)

contractEnglish
A promise or agreement between two or more people that the law will enforce.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)

contractEnglish
An agreement between two or more people that each promises to keep, such as work for a set wage.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.1 (grade 5)

contractEnglish
A written agreement, here between an employer and a union, setting wages, hours, rules and how disputes will be settled, for a set period.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.3 (grade 6)

contractEnglish
An agreement between two or more people that the law will enforce, usually written and signed.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade 7)

contractEnglish
A legally enforceable agreement: an offer, an acceptance, something of value exchanged by each side, parties able to agree, and a lawful purpose.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 9.5 (grade 9–12)

contrastEnglish
Two things that are very different, like sweet and salty or crunchy and soft.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 2)

contrastEnglish
Putting different flavors or textures side by side so each one stands out, like sweet and sour or crunchy and soft.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 3)

contrastEnglish
Two different tastes or textures side by side, such as hot and cold or crunchy and creamy.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 4)

contrastEnglish
Putting different textures or flavors side by side, like crunchy crumbs on a creamy sauce, so each one stands out.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.4 (grade 6)

contrast pairingEnglish
Pairing foods with opposite qualities that balance each other: sweet with salty, rich with acidic, hot with cool, soft with crisp.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 8)

contrasting flavorsEnglish
Flavors that are different and balance each other, like sweet and salty, rich and sour, or spicy and cool.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 7)

contribution marginEnglish
Price − variable cost per unit; the amount each unit contributes toward fixed costs and profit.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.4 (grade 7)

contribution marginEnglish
Price minus variable cost per unit; the amount each sale contributes toward fixed costs and profit.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.3 (grade 8)

controlEnglish
The part of an experiment that is left untreated, for comparison.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.3 (grade 6)

convectionEnglish
Heat moving by flowing air or liquid, such as hot water rising in a pot.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.2 (grade 3)

convectionEnglish
Heat carried by a moving liquid or gas, such as hot air circling in an oven or hot water rising in a pot.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.1 (grade 5)

convectionEnglish
Heat carried by moving air or liquid, like hot air circling in an oven or water rolling in a boiling pot.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.1 (grade 6)

convertibilityEnglish
The right to exchange a banknote for gold (or silver) at a fixed price.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 5.2 (grade 11–12)

convertibleEnglish
Able to be exchanged for gold (or another asset) at a promised fixed rate.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 7)

convoyEnglish
A group of ships sailing together for protection.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.4 (grade 4)

cookbookEnglish
A book of recipes and cooking advice.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.1 (grade 4)

coolant (antifreeze)English
A mixture of glycol and water, usually 50/50, that carries heat from the engine to the radiator, resists freezing and boiling, and contains corrosion inhibitors.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 10.2 (grade 9–12)

coolerEnglish
An insulated box or bag that keeps cold foods cold with ice or an ice pack.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.2 (grade 1)

cool-season cropEnglish
A crop that grows best in cool spring or fall weather and can handle a light frost, like lettuce, peas, spinach, radishes, carrots and cabbage.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.2 (grade 2)

cool-season cropEnglish
A vegetable that grows best in cool weather and can stand light frost, such as lettuce, spinach, kale, radishes, peas and carrots.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)

coopEnglish
A house where chickens sleep and lay eggs, closed up at night to keep them safe.
Grade 2 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 2.4 (grade 2)

coopEnglish
The shelter where chickens sleep, lay eggs and stay safe at night.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 3)

coopEnglish
A little house where chickens sleep safely at night.
Kindergarten Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.2 (grade K)

COPEnglish
Coefficient of performance: heat delivered divided by electrical energy used. Electric resistance heat has COP 1; heat pumps typically 2–4.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 6.4 (grade 9–12)

copayEnglish
A fixed amount paid for a service, such as $30 for an office visit.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 5.3 (grade 9–12)

copyrightEnglish
A right that protects an author’s or artist’s writing, music or pictures for a limited time.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.2 (grade 4)

coreEnglish
The middle of the apple, where the seeds are.
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.3 (grade 1)

core businessEnglish
The main product or activity that a company does best and that earns most of its profit.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 4.4 (grade 8)

Corn LawsEnglish
British laws (in their strictest form from 1815) restricting imports of grain (“corn” in British usage) to keep domestic grain prices high.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 10.3 (grade 11–12)

Corn LawsEnglish
British laws (1815–1846) that kept out or taxed imported grain to keep the price of British grain high; in Britain “corn” meant all grain, especially wheat.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.4 (grade 7)

cornmealEnglish
Dried corn ground into a coarse flour.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 4.4 (grade 3)

cornmealEnglish
Dried corn ground into coarse flour. Old cookbooks call it “Indian meal.”
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.1 (grade 4)

cornstarchEnglish
Pure starch made from corn. Cooks use it to make puddings, pie fillings and gravies thick.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.1 (grade 1)

corrective actionEnglish
What you do when a critical limit is not met, such as cooking longer, re-chilling, or throwing food away.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.4 (grade 8)

cosignerEnglish
A person who promises to pay another’s debt if he does not; the cosigner is fully responsible.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 9.5 (grade 9–12)

costEnglish
The money you spend to make something.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade 1) · Explore Hospitality and Home, Stop 4.3 (Ages 7–9)

costEnglish
The money a seller spends to make or buy a product.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.4 (grade 2)

costEnglish
What the seller pays to make or buy a product.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.4 (grade 3)

costEnglish
What a business pays to buy or make an item.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.3 (grade 4)

costEnglish
The money you spend to buy supplies.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 6.2 (grade K)

costEnglish
The money spent on supplies.
Kindergarten Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade K)

cost accountingEnglish
Keeping detailed records of the cost of each product, department and process, so managers can find waste and set prices.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.4 (grade 7)

cost of goods soldEnglish
The direct cost of making or buying the goods that were sold: materials and the labor that went straight into them.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.3 (grade 6)

cost of productionEnglish
Everything it costs to grow and sell a product: seed, compost, water, supplies, packaging, market fees and the value of your time.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.4 (grade 8)

cost per itemEnglish
The total cost of supplies divided by the number of items made.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade 2)

cost per itemEnglish
The total cost of a batch divided by the number of good items it made.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade 3) · Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade 5)

cost per servingEnglish
The total cost of a recipe divided by the number of servings.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.1 (grade 6) · Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.3 (grade 7)

cost per useEnglish
The price of an item divided by the number of times it will be used.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 2.4 (grade 9–12)

cost sheetEnglish
A table that lists every ingredient and supply, what it cost, and how much each batch uses.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade 3)

cost sheetEnglish
A table that lists every material and its cost, and calculates the cost of each item made.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.2 (grade 5)

cost structureEnglish
The main costs a business must pay to operate, both fixed and variable.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.1 (grade 8)

cottage industryEnglish
Work done by families in their own homes with simple tools, such as spinning and weaving before the factories.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 1.2 (grade 6)

cottage pieEnglish
A British dish of ground beef and vegetables in gravy, topped with mashed potatoes and baked. Made with lamb, it is called shepherd’s pie.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 2.4 (grade 6)

cotyledonEnglish
The big food store inside a bean seed. A bean has two of them, like the two halves of a peanut. (Say it “cot-ee-LEE-dun.”)
Grade 1 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 1)

cotyledonEnglish
A seed leaf that stores food for the baby plant. Beans have two.
Grade 3 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 5.1 (grade 3)

cotyledonsEnglish
The first leaves, or seed leaves, that come out of the seed. They look different from the plant’s later leaves.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 7.1 (grade 4)

count onEnglish
To start with the biggest value and add the smaller ones, one at a time.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 2)

count the costEnglish
To figure out before you start whether you have enough money and time to finish.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.1 (grade 2)

counterEnglish
The flat top in the kitchen where we get food ready.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 1.2 (grade 1)

counterfeitEnglish
A fake copy of money. Making counterfeit money is a crime.
Grade 2 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.4 (grade 2)

counterfeitEnglish
Fake money made to look real.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.3 (grade 4)

counterfeitEnglish
A fake copy made to look like a trusted brand in order to deceive buyers.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 6.4 (grade 7)

counting upEnglish
Starting at the price and counting coins until you reach the amount paid.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade 1)

counting upEnglish
Making change by starting at the price and counting up to the amount paid.
Grade 3 Business & Finance, Lesson 9.3 (grade 3)

couponEnglish
The fixed yearly interest a bond pays, often stated as a percent of its face value.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.3 (grade 8)

coupon rateEnglish
The yearly interest rate the bond pays on its face value. Yearly interest = face value × coupon rate.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.3 (grade 6)

coupon rateEnglish
The yearly interest rate a bond pays on its face value.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 7.3 (grade 9–12)

courseEnglish
One part of a meal served at a time, such as a starter, a main course and a dessert.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.4 (grade 6)

courseEnglish
One part of a meal served at a time, such as a starter (soup or salad), a main course and a dessert.
Grade 8 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.4 (grade 8)

courtEnglish
A place where a judge settles disagreements fairly according to the law.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 5.1 (grade 4)

cover cropEnglish
A crop grown to protect and improve the soil rather than to eat, such as winter rye, oats or clover.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 1.2 (grade 4)

cover cropEnglish
A crop such as rye, oats or clover grown to cover and protect the soil between main crops.
Grade 5 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.4 (grade 5)

cover cropEnglish
A crop grown mainly to protect and improve the soil rather than to harvest, such as cereal rye, oats, crimson clover or radish.
Grade 7 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.4 (grade 7)

cover cropEnglish
A crop such as cereal rye, oats, clover or vetch grown mainly to protect and improve soil between cash crops.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 3.4 (grade 8)

cow-calf operationEnglish
A farm or ranch that keeps a herd of beef cows and raises their calves on pasture until weaning.
Grade 8 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 6.1 (grade 8)

cowrie shellEnglish
A small, shiny sea shell that was used as money in China, India and Africa.
Grade 1 Business & Finance, Lesson 2.2 (grade 1)

crankcase compressionEnglish
Using the sealed crankcase under the piston as a pump: the rising piston draws mixture into it, and the falling piston pushes it up through the transfer ports.
Shop & Trades, Lesson 9.2 (grade 9–12)

cravingEnglish
A strong wanting for one certain food.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.1 (grade 2)

cravingEnglish
A strong feeling of wanting a certain food.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.2 (grade 3)

cravingEnglish
A strong wanting for a particular food.
Grade 4 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.1 (grade 4)

cravingEnglish
A strong wish for a particular food or thing.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.1 (grade 5)

cravingEnglish
A strong want for a particular food, often set off by a cue rather than by true hunger.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.1 (grade 6)

creamEnglish
The rich, thick part of milk that rises to the top. It has lots of fat in it.
Grade 1 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.2 (grade 1)

creamEnglish
The rich, fatty part of milk that rises to the top.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 5.2 (grade 2)

creamEnglish
To beat butter and sugar together until light and fluffy.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 8.2 (grade 3) · Explore Hospitality and Home, Stop 1.6 (Ages 7–9)

creamingEnglish
Beating soft butter and sugar together until light and fluffy, which traps tiny air bubbles that help cookies rise.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 6.4 (grade 5)

creamyEnglish
Soft and smooth, with no lumps.
Grade 2 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.4 (grade 2)

creamyEnglish
Soft and smooth, like yogurt, peanut butter or mashed potatoes.
Kindergarten Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.3 (grade K)

creative destructionEnglish
Joseph Schumpeter’s term (1942) for the process by which new products and firms replace old ones.
Economics & the History of Money, Lesson 10.4 (grade 11–12)

creditEnglish
Buying now and promising to pay later.
Grade 4 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade 4)

creditEnglish
An entry on the right side of an account. Credits increase liabilities, owner’s equity and revenue, and decrease assets and expenses.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 6)

creditEnglish
Trust that a borrower will repay; a borrower with good credit can borrow more cheaply.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.3 (grade 6)

creditEnglish
An entry on the right side of an account. Credits increase liabilities, equity and revenue and decrease assets and expenses.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.1 (grade 7)

creditEnglish
In this lesson, trust that lets a buyer receive goods now and pay later.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.3 (grade 7)

credit bureauEnglish
A company that collects and sells credit information; the three national bureaus in the U.S. are Equifax, Experian and TransUnion.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 4.3 (grade 9–12)

credit cardEnglish
A card that lets a person borrow to buy things now and pay later; unpaid balances are charged interest, often at a high rate.
Grade 5 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.4 (grade 5)

credit cardEnglish
A card that lets you borrow from a bank to pay for purchases. If you do not pay the whole bill each month, the bank charges interest on the balance.
Grade 6 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.4 (grade 6)

credit cardEnglish
A card that borrows money from the issuer for each purchase, to be repaid later, with interest if the balance is not paid in full.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 3.4 (grade 9–12)

credit freezeEnglish
A free request to the credit bureaus to block new credit from being opened in your name.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 3.5 (grade 9–12)

credit historyEnglish
A record of a person’s borrowing and whether he repaid on time, used by lenders to decide whether to lend.
Grade 7 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.4 (grade 7)

credit limitEnglish
The maximum balance the issuer allows on a card.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 4.2 (grade 9–12)

credit reportEnglish
A record of how a person or business has borrowed and repaid, used by lenders and suppliers to judge trustworthiness.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 7.2 (grade 8)

credit reportEnglish
A record kept by a credit bureau of a person’s credit accounts, balances, payment history, inquiries and certain public records.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 4.3 (grade 9–12)

credit riskEnglish
The risk that a borrower will fail to pay interest or principal.
Grade 8 Business & Finance, Lesson 8.3 (grade 8)

credit riskEnglish
The risk that the issuer will not pay interest or principal as promised.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 7.3 (grade 9–12)

credit scoreEnglish
A number calculated from a credit report that predicts how likely a borrower is to repay; common scores range from 300 to 850.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 4.3 (grade 9–12)

credit unionEnglish
A not-for-profit financial cooperative owned by its members, who share a common bond such as an employer, church or town.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 3.1 (grade 9–12)

credit utilizationEnglish
The share of available open-end credit in use: total card balances ÷ total card limits.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 4.3 (grade 9–12)

creditorEnglish
A person or business to whom money is owed.
Personal Finance & Investing, Lesson 4.5 (grade 9–12)

cremaEnglish
A thick, slightly tangy cream used in Mexican cooking; here made with sour cream or yogurt and lime.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 7.4 (grade 6)

crepuscularEnglish
Most active at dawn and dusk. Rabbits and many hamsters are crepuscular or nocturnal.
Grade 4 Gardening & Animals, Lesson 4.2 (grade 4)

crispEnglish
Dry and firm, so it snaps and crunches when you bite it.
Grade 3 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.4 (grade 3)

crispEnglish
Dry and firm, breaking with a clean snap, like a fresh cracker or a cooled granola cluster.
Grade 5 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.4 (grade 5)

crispEnglish
Firm and dry, breaking cleanly with a light, high-pitched sound, like a cracker or a fresh apple.
Grade 6 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.4 (grade 6)

crispEnglish
Breaking cleanly and easily with a light, high sound, like a thin cracker or a well-baked crust.
Grade 7 Cooking & Food, Lesson 3.4 (grade 7)